{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1790444492268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education"},{"name":"Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS)"},{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Polska Inc."},{"name":"Tymbark\u2013MWS by Maspex"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to maintain an adequate iron status in young women, effective dietary interventions should provide sufficient amounts of iron in everyday meals and improve the bioavailability of non-heme iron by providing vitamin C. While some intervention studies administering products rich in vitamin C in conjunction with iron sources showed improved iron status, it is unknown whether a separate administration of products rich in iron and vitamin C may be a successful strategy as well. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of dietary intervention with iron and vitamin C administered separately in improving iron status in young women to prevent iron deficiency anemia. The study was conducted in a group of 29 women aged 18\u201330, and an 8-week dietary intervention was performed. Study participants with an adequate iron status received 50 g of iron-fortified oat flakes (as a source of non-heme iron) with breakfast and 200 mL of orange juice (as a source of vitamin C) in the second part of the day. Iron status was analyzed based on red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, and serum iron, and it was assessed at baseline, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of the intervention. The intakes of iron, vitamin C, and folate were controlled throughout the study period, and menstrual blood loss was estimated. After 8 weeks of intervention, statistically significant differences compared with baseline were observed only for hematocrit, as its level after 8 weeks of intervention was higher than the baseline (p = 0.0491). Comparing subsamples within the dietary intervention considered effective and ineffective for red blood cell levels, it was indicated that lower baseline vitamin C intake may result in a more effective dietary intervention (p = 0.0231). Comparing subsamples within the dietary intervention considered effective and ineffective for hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, and serum ferritin levels, it was indicated that higher baseline levels of hemoglobin (p = 0.0143), hematocrit (p = 0.0497), iron (p = 0.0101), and serum ferritin (p = 0.0343) respectively may result in a more effective dietary intervention. It was concluded that dietary intervention with iron and vitamin C administered separately may be effective in improving iron status in young women to prevent iron deficiency anemia. It may be concluded that in the studied group, a better baseline iron status and lower baseline vitamin C intake may result in a more effective dietary intervention with iron and vitamin C administered separately to improve iron status in young women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1663708373000},"page":"11877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention with Iron and Vitamin C Administered Separately in Improving Iron Status in Young Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Skolmowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"G\u0142\u0105bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). Focusing on Anaemia: Towards an Integrated Approach for Effective Anaemia Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"De Benoist, B., McLean, E., Egli, I., and Cogswell, M. (2008). Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993\u20132005. WHO Global Database of Anaemia, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Badireddy, M., and Baradhi, K.M. (2022, July 27). Chronic Anemia. [Updated 2021 Aug 11], StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK534803\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","article-title":"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"1450","author":"Chaparro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Warner, M.J., and Kamran, M.T. (2022, July 27). Iron deficiency anemia [Updated 2021 Aug 11], StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK448065\/."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism (FokI-rs2228570) among Men with Anemia in Babylon Province, Iraq","volume":"77","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115446","article-title":"The effect of plant proteins derived from cereals and legumes on heme iron absorption","volume":"7","author":"Weinborn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on iron and its importance for human health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Moustarah, F., and Mohiuddin, S.S. (2022, July 27). Dietary Iron. [Updated 2021 Apr 28], StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK540969\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093747","article-title":"Dietary determinants of and possible solutions to iron deficiency for young women living in industrialized countries: A review","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, I., Parker, H.M., Rangan, A., Prvan, T., Cook, R.L., Donges, C.E., Steinbeck, K.S., O\u2019Dwyer, N.J., Cheng, H.L., and Franklin, J.L. (2018). Association between Haem and Non-Haem Iron Intake and Serum Ferritin in Healthy Young Women. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010081"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01498-0","article-title":"Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low-and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018","volume":"27","author":"Kinyoki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150132719854917","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132719854917","article-title":"Improving workplace-based intervention in Indonesia to prevent and control anemia","volume":"10","author":"Mansyur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105475","article-title":"Gender differences in meat consumption and openness to vegetarianism","volume":"166","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5449","article-title":"Differences in risk factors for anemia between adolescent and adult women","volume":"25","author":"Sekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw055","article-title":"Dietary strategies for improving iron status: Balancing safety and efficacy","volume":"75","author":"Prentice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-007-0683-6","article-title":"The impact of a meat-versus a vegetable-based diet on iron status in women of childbearing age with small iron stores","volume":"46","author":"Tetens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179067","article-title":"Iron status biomarkers in iron deficient women consuming oily fish versus red meat diet","volume":"65","author":"Schoppen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00559","article-title":"Of meat and men: Sex differences in implicit and explicit attitudes toward meat","volume":"9","author":"Love","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.012","article-title":"Consumer consciousness on meat and the environment\u2014Exploring differences","volume":"101","author":"Pohjolainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Sabate, R., and Sabat\u00e9, J. (2019). Consumer attitudes towards environmental concerns of meat consumption: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071220"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e699","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00228-X","article-title":"Trends in UK meat consumption: Analysis of data from years 1\u201311 (2008\u201309 to 2018\u201319) of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme","volume":"5","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7373498","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7373498","article-title":"A review of nutrients and compounds, which promote or inhibit intestinal iron absorption: Making a platform for dietary measures that can reduce iron uptake in patients with genetic haemochromatosis","volume":"2020","author":"Milman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.5.650","article-title":"Dietary treatment of iron deficiency in women of childbearing age","volume":"74","author":"Patterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003144","article-title":"Gold kiwifruit consumed with an iron-fortified breakfast cereal meal improves iron status in women with low iron stores: A 16-week randomised controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21325.x","article-title":"Interaction of vitamin C and iron","volume":"355","author":"Lynch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2022, September 08). Central Statistical Office, Available online: https:\/\/demografia.stat.gov.pl\/bazademografia\/Tables.aspx."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The global burden of anemia","volume":"30","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 06). Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laskowski, W., G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz, H., Rejman, K., Czeczotko, M., and Zwoli\u0144ska, J. (2019). How Important are Cereals and Cereal Products in the Average Polish Diet?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030679"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"103","article-title":"The analysis of selected group of products fortified with iron","volume":"9","author":"Skrypnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forum Zaburze\u0144 Metabolicznych"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skolmowska, D., and G\u0142\u0105bska, D. (2019). Analysis of Heme and Non-Heme Iron Intake and Iron Dietary Sources in Adolescent Menstruating Females in a National Polish Sample. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051049"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Typical food portion sizes consumed by Australian adults: Results from the 2011\u201312 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.454","article-title":"Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans","volume":"78","author":"Cano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.007","article-title":"The active role of vitamin C in mammalian iron metabolism: Much more than just enhanced iron absorption!","volume":"75","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007328","article-title":"Squeezing fact from fiction about 100% fruit juice","volume":"6","author":"Clemens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2153-0","article-title":"Relationship of dietary factors with dialyzable iron and in vitro iron bioavailability in the meals of farm women","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, December 06). National Center for Nutrition Education, (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000954","article-title":"Fermented soyabean and vitamin C-rich fruit: A possibility to circumvent the further decrease of iron status among iron-deficient pregnant women in Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Muslimatun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.9734\/AIR\/2015\/13579","article-title":"Instrumental Analysis of Foods: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Metals in Cereals and Fast Ion Chromatography Analysis for Minerals in Sport Drinks","volume":"3","author":"Bartzatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry (2001). International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). World Health Organization (WHO) Body Mass Index\u2014BMI. Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/disease-prevention\/nutrition\/a-healthy-lifestyle\/body-mass-index-bmi."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Variability in bioelectrical impedance assessment of body composition depending on measurement conditions: Influence of fast and rest","volume":"30","author":"Escalada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis? Part I: Review of principles and methods","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0375-8","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, bone remodelling and iron status in iron-deficient young women consuming an iron-fortified food","volume":"52","author":"Toxqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.826116","article-title":"Effects of an iron or iron and vitamin D-fortified flavored skim milk on iron metabolism: A randomized controlled double-blind trial in iron-deficient women","volume":"32","author":"Toxqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Dean, L. (2022, July 27). Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2005. Table 1, Complete blood count, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK2263\/table\/ch1.T1\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, July 27). Laboratory Procedure Manual \u2014 Iron and TIBC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_01_02\/l40fe_b_met_iron_tibc_alpkem.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, July 27). Laboratory Procedure Manual \u2014 Ferritin, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_09_10\/FERTIN_F_met_ferritin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Merrell, B.J., and McMurry, J.P. (2022, July 27). Folic Acid, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554487\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142abska, D., Guzek, D., \u015al\u0105zak, J., and W\u0142odarek, D. (2017). Assessing the validity and reproducibility of an iron dietary intake questionnaire conducted in a group of young Polish women. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030199"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kunachowicz, H., Nadolna, J., Przygoda, B., and Iwanow, K. (2005). Food Composition Tables, PZWL Medical Publishing Group. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Malowaniec, E., and Guzek, D. (2017). Validity and Reproducibility of the Iodine Dietary Intake Questionnaire Assessment Conducted for Young Polish Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070700"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12594","article-title":"Development and validation of the semi-quantitative brief food frequency questionnaire to assess the magnesium intake in young women","volume":"77","author":"Wojtas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Ksi\u0105\u017cek, A., and Guzek, D. (2017). Development and Validation of the Brief Folate-Specific Food Frequency Questionnaire for Young Women\u2019s Diet Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121574"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Jarosz, M., Rychlik, E., Sto\u015b, K., and Charzewska, J. (2020). Human Nutrition Recommendations for Polish Population, National Institute of Public Health\u2013National Institute of Hygiene. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01847-7","article-title":"Determination of total menstrual blood loss","volume":"76","author":"Wyatt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"0805","article-title":"Menorrhagia","volume":"2015","author":"Duckitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabatier, M., Rytz, A., Husny, J., Dubascoux, S., Nicolas, M., Dave, A., Singh, H., Bodis, M., and Glahn, R.P. (2020). Impact of Ascorbic Acid on the In Vitro Iron Bioavailability of a Casein-Based Iron Fortificant. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092776"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2022, July 21). Vitamin C, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminC-HealthProfessional\/#h2."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1086","article-title":"Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans","volume":"69","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005157","article-title":"Vitamin C","volume":"5","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, S., and Carr, A.C. (2020). Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A cause for concern?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072008"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinemann, N., Grize, L., Ziesemer, K., Kauf, P., Probst-Hensch, N., and Brombach, C. (2017). Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire to estimate food intake in an adult population. Food Nutr. Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1305193"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2016.0003","article-title":"Are dietary habits of the Polish population consistent with the recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease?\u2014WOBASZ II project","volume":"74","author":"Stepaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101532","article-title":"On the effect of vitamin C intake on human health. How to (mis)interprete the clinical evidence","volume":"34","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1339","article-title":"A micronutrient-fortified beverage prevents iron deficiency, reduces anemia and improves the hemoglobin concentration of pregnant Tanzanian women","volume":"133","author":"Makola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Barney, J., and Moosavi, L. (2022, July 27). Iron [Updated 2022 Jul 11], StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542171\/."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2008.08.001","article-title":"Ferritin for the clinician","volume":"23","author":"Knovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2001.10719056","article-title":"Can dietary treatment of non-anemic iron deficiency improve iron status?","volume":"20","author":"Heath","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Waldman, S.A., and Terzic, A. (2009). Anemias and cytopenias. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Principles to Practice, Saunders. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12467","article-title":"Plasma vitamin C levels in ESRD patients and occurrence of hypochromic erythrocytes","volume":"21","author":"Seibert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz, H., Rejman, K., Kaczorowska, J., and Laskowski, W. (2021). Vegetables, Potatoes and Their Products as Sources of Energy and Nutrients to the Average Diet in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063217"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejman, K., G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz, H., Kaczorowska, J., and Laskowski, W. (2021). Nutritional Significance of Fruit and Fruit Products in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062079"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"57","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption among the young Polish population","volume":"62","author":"Maciejewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pomeranian J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, M., and Lowe, N. (2000). Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420036718"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.1.106","article-title":"Food iron absorption in iron deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Olszon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Hoppe, M.R. (2022, July 31). Iron Absorption in Man\u2013Diet Modification and Fortification. Available online: https:\/\/gupea.ub.gu.se\/bitstream\/handle\/2077\/10151\/Ram%20slutgiltig.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeves, A.J., McEvoy, M.A., MacDonald-Wicks, L.K., Barker, D., Attia, J., Hodge, A.M., and Patterson, A.J. (2017). Calculation of haem iron intake and its role in the development of iron deficiency in young women from the Australian longitudinal study on women\u2019s health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050515"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15034077","article-title":"Influence of diet, menstruation and genetic factors on iron status: A cross-sectional study in Spanish women of childbearing age","volume":"15","author":"Toxqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.021","article-title":"The effect of nutrition knowledge and dietary iron intake on iron status in young women","volume":"81","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12347","article-title":"Iron status and dietary iron intake of female blood donors","volume":"54","author":"Booth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between hemoglobin status with vitamin C intake","volume":"6","author":"Safwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Obes. Weight Manag. Control"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008004369","article-title":"Determinants of ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors as iron status parameters in young adult women","volume":"12","author":"Pynaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.813","article-title":"Diet and genetic factors associated with iron status in middle-aged women","volume":"82","author":"Cade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423263","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/423263","article-title":"Association of iron depletion with menstruation and dietary intake indices in pubertal girls: The healthy growth study","volume":"2013","author":"Moschonis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051493","article-title":"Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK","volume":"94","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"121","article-title":"Iron status of pregnant women in rural and urban communities of Cross River State, South-South Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Okafor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Niger J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S239988","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among \u201capparently healthy\u201d urban and rural residents in Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Blood Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/11877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:35:46Z","timestamp":1760142946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/11877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191911877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191911877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]}}}