{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:38:27Z","timestamp":1760243907281,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education (ED)","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Environmental Industry &amp; Technology Institute (KEITI)","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea","award":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-HL114494","R01-HL112986","S10-RR022421","T32-HL-144461","P116S210005","NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034157","2018001360001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Around nine million people have been exposed to toxic humidifier disinfectants (HDs) in Korea. HD exposure may lead to HD-associated lung injuries (HDLI). However, many people who have claimed that they experienced HD exposure were not diagnosed with HDLI but still felt discomfort, possibly due to the unknown effects of HD. Therefore, this study examined HD-exposed subjects with normal-appearing lungs, as well as unexposed subjects, in clusters (subgroups) with distinct characteristics, classified by deep-learning-derived computed-tomography (CT)-based tissue pattern latent traits. Among the major clusters, cluster 0 (C0) and cluster 5 (C5) were dominated by HD-exposed and unexposed subjects, respectively. C0 was characterized by features attributable to lung inflammation or fibrosis in contrast with C5. The computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) analysis suggested that the smaller airway sizes observed in the C0 subjects led to greater airway resistance and particle deposition in the airways. Accordingly, women appeared more vulnerable to HD-associated lung abnormalities than men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1663713404000},"page":"11894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing Subjects Exposed to Humidifier Disinfectants Using Computed-Tomography-Based Latent Traits: A Deep Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"IIHR\u2014Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwoong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR\u2014Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prathish K.","family":"Rajaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR\u2014Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 100-011, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongseok","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kum-Ju","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 560-011, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Kee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 600-011, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro P.","family":"Comellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Long","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"IIHR\u2014Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015016","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2015016","article-title":"The humidifier disinfectant incident and the selfexamination of environmental toxicology and public health experts","volume":"30","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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