{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:20:36Z","timestamp":1768288836796,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA044037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA044037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Support from social networks buffers against negative effects of stress but is disrupted by incarceration. Few studies examine incarceration, social support networks, and health among Black sexual minority men (BSMM) and Black transgender women (BTW). We conducted a secondary analysis using HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 (HPTN 061), a sample of BSMM\/BTW recruited from six US cities. We measured associations between recent incarceration reported at six months follow-up and social support networks at twelve months follow-up, and cross-sectional associations between support networks and twelve-month health outcomes (e.g., sexual partnerships, substance use, healthcare access and depressive symptoms). Among the analytic sample (N = 1169), recent incarceration was associated with small medical support networks (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.34) and small financial support networks (aRR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04, 1.35). Support networks were associated with multiple partnerships (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 0.77, 95% CI 0.65, 0.90), unhealthy alcohol use (aPR 1.20, 95% CI 0.96, 1.51), and depressive symptoms (aPR 1.16, 95% CI 0.99, 1.36). Incarceration adversely impacts social support networks of BSMM\/BTW, and support networks were associated with a range of important health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T23:13:27Z","timestamp":1664147607000},"page":"12064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Incarceration, Social Support Networks, and Health among Black Sexual Minority Men and Transgender Women: Evidence from the HPTN 061 Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy D.","family":"Scheidell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Kapadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodman E.","family":"Turpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Medha","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Typhanye V.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6931-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon D.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia M.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Remch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9056-5","article-title":"Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Uchino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union (2022, September 21). Know Your Rights: LGBTQ Rights. Available online: https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/know-your-rights\/lgbtq-rights."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Poushter, J., and Kent, N. (2022, September 21). The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Available online: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/global\/2020\/06\/25\/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264320908982","article-title":"The Effect of Social Network Size and Composition on the Link Between Discrimination and Health Among Sexual Minorities","volume":"32","author":"Leahy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02575-9","article-title":"Social Networks Moderate the Syndemic Effect of Psychosocial and Structural Factors on HIV Risk Among Young Black Transgender Women and Men who have Sex with Men","volume":"24","author":"Bouris","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1180702","article-title":"Social networks and social support among ball-attending African American men who have sex with men and transgender women are associated with HIV-related outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0039","article-title":"The Social and Sexual Networks of Black Transgender Women and Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: Results from a Representative Sample","volume":"3","author":"Ezell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transgend. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301003","article-title":"Network mixing and network influences most linked to HIV infection and risk behavior in the HIV epidemic among black men who have sex with men","volume":"103","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001645","article-title":"Social Network Support and Decreased Risk of Seroconversion in Black MSM: Results of the BROTHERS (HPTN 061) Study","volume":"78","author":"Hermanstyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26529","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.26529","article-title":"Prevalence of potentially traumatic events, depression, alcohol use, and social network supports among Chinese migrants: An epidemiological study in Guangzhou, China","volume":"5","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharara, S.L., and Kanj, S.S. (2014). War and infectious diseases: Challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004438"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"9","article-title":"\u201cBig Events\u201d and Networks","volume":"27","author":"Friedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.98.Supplement_1.S185","article-title":"Criminal (in)justice in the city and its associated health consequences","volume":"98","author":"Golembeski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ghandnoosh, N. (2019). U.S. Prison Population Trends: Massive Buildup and Modest Decline, The Sentencing Project."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sawyer, W., and Wagner, P. (2021, June 01). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie. Available online: https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2020.html."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons, The Sentencing Project."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301786","article-title":"The high prevalence of incarceration history among Black men who have sex with men in the United States: Associations and implications","volume":"104","author":"Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000434953.65620.3d","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between incarceration and HIV among black men who have sex with men in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Grant, J.M., Mottet, L.A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J.L., and Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9638-6","article-title":"Life skills: Evaluation of a theory-driven behavioral HIV prevention intervention for young transgender women","volume":"89","author":"Garofalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.932891","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in history of incarceration, experiences of victimization, and associated health indicators among transgender women in the U.S","volume":"54","author":"Reisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.06.014","article-title":"A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18- to 29-year-old men after their release from prison","volume":"65","author":"Seal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2016.04.004","article-title":"Changes in the social networks of prisoners: A comparison of theirnetworks before and after imprisonment","volume":"47","author":"Volker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.2.214","article-title":"Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: A review of the impact of the correctional system on community health","volume":"78","author":"Freudenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9538-1","article-title":"Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and implications for post-release HIV transmission","volume":"88","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e969d0","article-title":"Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and associations with post-release STI\/HIV risk behavior in a Southeastern city","volume":"38","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1086\/425280","article-title":"Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"191","author":"Adimora","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu078","article-title":"Social disadvantage and network turnover","volume":"70","author":"Cornwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/10538720902772006","article-title":"Constructing Home and Family: How the Ballroom Community Supports African American GLBTQ Youth in the Face of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"21","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gay Lesbian Soc. Serv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.12.009","article-title":"Social-structural properties and HIV prevention among young men who have sex with men in the ballroom house and independent gay family communities","volume":"174","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000117","article-title":"Social support networks among diverse sexual minority populations","volume":"86","author":"Frost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2017.04.001","article-title":"At the intersection of criminal justice involvement and sexual orientation: Dynamic networks and health among a population-based sample of young Black men who have sex with men","volume":"51","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koblin, B.A., Mayer, K.H., Eshleman, S.H., Wang, L., Mannheimer, S., del Rio, C., Shoptaw, S., Magnus, M., Buchbinder, S., and Wilton, L. (2013). Correlates of HIV acquisition in a cohort of Black men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) 061. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070413"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0014-z","article-title":"Social network predictors of disclosure of MSM behavior and HIV-positive serostatus among African American MSM in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"16","author":"Latkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537606","article-title":"The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults","volume":"20","author":"Radloff","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Harrell, S.P., Merchant, M.A., and Young, S.A. (1997, January 15\u201319). Psychometric Properties of the Racism and Life Experience Scale. Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.11.886","article-title":"An epidemic of stigma. Public reactions to AIDS","volume":"43","author":"Herek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022, September 21). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X18799575","article-title":"Prisoners\u2019 Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal","volume":"63","author":"Bellair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.890766","article-title":"Social support network characteristics of incarcerated women with co-occurring major depressive and substance use disorders","volume":"46","author":"Nargiso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2016.1196962","article-title":"The (Anti)Social Network: Egocentric Friendship Networks of Incarcerated Youth","volume":"28","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2019.1700298","article-title":"Social Organization in Prison: A Social Network Analysis of Interpersonal Relationships among Dutch prisoners","volume":"38","author":"Sentse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000039","article-title":"The Role of the Social Environment in Alcohol or Drug Relapse of Probationers Recently Released from Jail","volume":"13","author":"Owens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Disord. Their Treat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-013-0194-4","article-title":"Social networks, sexual networks and HIV risk in men who have sex with men","volume":"11","author":"Amirkhanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0274-2","article-title":"Dissolution of Committed Partnerships during Incarceration and STI\/HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behavior after Prison Release among African American Men","volume":"95","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12095","article-title":"The dynamic relationship between social norms and behaviors: The results of an HIV prevention network intervention for injection drug users","volume":"108","author":"Latkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.019","article-title":"The efficacy of a network intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors among drug users and risk partners in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Philadelphia, USA","volume":"68","author":"Latkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02578-6","article-title":"Correlates of Durable Viral Suppression (DVS) Among Criminal Justice-involved (CJI) Black Men Living with HIV in Louisiana","volume":"23","author":"Brewer","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2113-6","article-title":"Exploring the Correlates of Linkage to HIV Medical Care Among Persons Living with HIV Infection (PLWH) in the Deep South: Results and Lessons Learned from the Louisiana Positive Charge Initiative","volume":"22","author":"Brewer","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12064\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:28Z","timestamp":1760143108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191912064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}