{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:21:16Z","timestamp":1793042476122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Department of Health &amp; Social Care"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With safely managed water accessible to only 19% of the population in Ghana, the majority of its residents are at risk of drinking contaminated water. Furthermore, this water could be a potential vehicle for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study assessed the presence of bacteria and the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in drinking-water sources using membrane filtration and Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion methods. A total of 524 water samples were analyzed for total coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Samples included sachets, bottled water, tap water, borehole and well water. Most of the sachet and bottled water samples were within the limits of Ghana\u2019s standards for safe drinking water for the parameters tested. Over 50% of tap and borehole water was also free of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Overall, of 115 E. coli isolates from tap and ground water samples, most were resistant to cefuroxime (88.7%), trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole (62.6%) and amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate (52.2%). P. aeruginosa isolates were most resistant to aztreonam (48%). Multidrug resistance was predominantly seen among E. coli isolates (58%). Evidence from this study calls for routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance in drinking water across the country and additional treatment of water sources at household levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1664398727000},"page":"12300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Drinking Water from the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study, December 2021\u2013March 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4790-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Zolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSF Luxembourg Operational Research (LuxOR) Unit, L-1617 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1451-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacklyne","family":"Ashubwe-Jalemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medwise Solutions, Nairobi P.O. Box 2356-00202 KNH, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannock","family":"Tweya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi International Training and Education Center for Health (Malawi-I-TECH), Lilongwe 3, Lilongwe P.O. Box 30369, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wisdom","family":"Adeapena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Bono East, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appiah-Korang","family":"Labi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Country Office, 7 Ameda Street, Roman Ridge, Accra P.O. Box MB 142, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lady A. B.","family":"Adomako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria N. D.","family":"Addico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina A.","family":"Banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark O.","family":"Akrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Quarcoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selorm","family":"Borbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike Y.","family":"Osei-Atweneboana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH 38, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN General Assembly. Available online: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/57b6e3e44.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12334","article-title":"Global Assessment of Exposure to Faecal Contamination through Drinking Water Based on a Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120403535","article-title":"Drinking Water from Dug Wells in Rural Ghana \u2014 Salmonella Contamination, Environmental Factors, and Genotypes","volume":"12","author":"Dekker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. 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