{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:26:12Z","timestamp":1778901972212,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 U01 DP000132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 U01 DP000132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD061306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD061306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["5 U01 DP000132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 U01 DP000132"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["R21HD061306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD061306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess how the relationship between youth assets and future no-tobacco use among youth might differ according to race\/ethnicity, neighborhood factors and socio-economic status. Five waves of annual data were collected from 1111 youth\/parent pairs living in Oklahoma, USA who were randomly selected to participate in the Youth Asset Study (YAS). A marginal logistic regression model using all five waves of no-tobacco use, demographics, and their interaction was used to compare the change in tobacco use over time. Among 1111 youth, (Mean age = 14.3; 53% female; 39% White, 28% Hispanic, 24% Black, and 9% other), the percentage of youth tobacco use increased significantly from baseline to wave 5 (4 years after baseline) for all racial\/ethnic groups and all parental income groups. Assets were prospectively associated with no tobacco use in the past 30 days for Black, White and Hispanic youth and for youth in all income categories (adjusted odds ratio range = 1.9\u20132.7). There was one statistically significant association between the neighborhood environment and future no tobacco use. To conclude, the protective effects of youth assets in terms of prevention of tobacco use among youth do not differ by youth race\/ethnicity or parental income in the presence of neighborhood environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1664398727000},"page":"12330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Youth Assets, Neighborhood Factors, Parental Income, and Tobacco Use: A Longitudinal Study of Health Disparities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7317-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni L.","family":"Tolma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous Street, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara K.","family":"Vesely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Boeckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy F.","family":"Oman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl B.","family":"Aspy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use Among High School Students\u2014Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Creamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28695","article-title":"The 2014 Surgeon General\u2019s report: \u201cThe health consequences of smoking--50 years of progress\u201d: A paradigm shift in cancer care","volume":"120","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (2022, July 22). Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22876391."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (2022, July 22). E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30869850."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (2016). Deeming Tobacco Products to Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products. Final rule. Fed. Regist., 81, 28973\u201329106. Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27192730\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, August 25). Tobacco-Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General (2022, July 22). Smoking Cessation; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32255575."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6514a1","article-title":"Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students\u2013United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270492","article-title":"Nicotine and the adolescent brain","volume":"593","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students\u2014National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Gentzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.30.1.97","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Current Cigarette Smoking among Hispanic\/Latino Heritage Groups in New York City, 2003\u20132016","volume":"30","author":"Sisti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2022, July 22). Healthy People 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/leading-health-indicators\/2020-lhi-topics\/Tobacco\/data."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011). Current cigarette smoking prevalence among working adults\u2014United States, 2004\u20132010. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 60, 1305\u20131309. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21956406."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cigarette smoking\u2014United States, 2006\u20132008 and 2009\u20132010","volume":"62","author":"Garrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s13","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-054975","article-title":"PhenX: Host: Biobehavioral measures for tobacco regulatory research","volume":"29","author":"Giovino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.7.4.409","article-title":"Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Tyas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S363","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331320761","article-title":"Predictors of cessation in a cohort of current and former smokers followed over 13 years","volume":"6","author":"Hyland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1507736","article-title":"Understanding the implications of the biobehavioral basis of nicotine addiction and its impact on the efficacy of treatment","volume":"12","author":"Bozinoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.005","article-title":"Objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics and tobacco use among young adults","volume":"134","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300830","article-title":"Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status effects on adolescent smoking: A multilevel cohort-sequential latent growth analysis","volume":"103","author":"Mathur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0728-y","article-title":"Neighborhood, Family, and Peer Factors Associated with Early Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use","volume":"47","author":"Cambron","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431609333297","article-title":"Youth assets and delayed coitarche across developmental age groups","volume":"30","author":"Aspy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357","article-title":"Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk","volume":"26","author":"Fergus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"17","article-title":"Unfinished Business: Further Reflections on a Decade of Promoting Youth Development","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Benson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Youth Development. Outreach Scholarship"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-013-9574-6","article-title":"Measuring collective efficacy among children in community-based afterschool programs: Exploring pathways toward prevention and positive youth development","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2007.00545.x","article-title":"Does Family Structure Matter in the Relationships Between Youth Assets and Youth Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Use?","volume":"17","author":"Oman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.09.021","article-title":"Prospective associations among youth assets in young adults and tobacco use","volume":"48","author":"Cheney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"11","article-title":"Prospective Associations between Youth Assets, Neighborhood Characteristics and No-Tobacco Use among Youth: Differences by Gender","volume":"45","author":"Tolma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.10.014","article-title":"Cumulative psychosocial risks, internal assets, and past 30-day tobacco use among middle and high school students: The promise of internal assets","volume":"89","author":"Forster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.14485\/HBPR.6.5.1","article-title":"Youth Assets, Neighborhood Factors, and Alcohol Use: A Study of Health Disparities","volume":"6","author":"Oman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Behav. Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.33.1.6","article-title":"Methodological considerations in a community-based longitudinal study","volume":"33","author":"Oman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.081009-QUAN-242","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the youth asset survey: An update","volume":"25","author":"Oman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Eaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill Summ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.230","article-title":"\u201cBroken windows\u201d and the risk of gonorrhea","volume":"90","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104272334","article-title":"Relationships among youth assets and neighborhood and community resources","volume":"32","author":"Kegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf170","article-title":"Neighborhood support and the birth weight of urban infants","volume":"157","author":"Buka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Sense of community:A definition and theory","volume":"14","author":"McMillan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","article-title":"Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy","volume":"277","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1080\/03610919408813210","article-title":"A cautionary note on inference for marginal regression models with longitudinal data and general correlated response data","volume":"23","author":"Pepe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Simul. Comput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.11.035","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana: Is there a cross-over from adolescence to adulthood?","volume":"124","author":"Keyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.120","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khlat, M., Van Cleemput, O., Bricard, D., and Legleye, S. (2020). Use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis in late adolescence: Roles of family living arrangement and socioeconomic group. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09476-w"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0706154","article-title":"The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network","volume":"358","author":"Christakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"CD003020","article-title":"Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use","volume":"2014","author":"Faggiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"CD001293","article-title":"School-based programmes for preventing smoking","volume":"2013","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.04.003","article-title":"Systematic review of universal school-based \u2018resilience\u2019 interventions targeting adolescent tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use: A meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Hodder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-040253","article-title":"Health Disparities in Tobacco Use and Exposure: A Structural Competency Approach","volume":"147","author":"Marbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106287","article-title":"Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2020: Some current challenges in tobacco control and regulatory science","volume":"140","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1760143262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191912330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912330","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}