{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:19:44Z","timestamp":1789435184327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Decontex Holding based in Belgium"},{"name":"Decontex Holding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The electric vehicle (EV) market, together with photovoltaic (PV) installations continues to develop at a pace. However, there are concerns that EV and PV installation fires may create more harmful substances than other types of fire. PV modules and car battery fires emit a range of carcinogenic and highly toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood and may pose a threat to firefighters\u2019 health. This also raises the question of the impact on firefighters\u2019 clothing and the safe handling and cleaning after such fires. This article presents a literature and standards review of the firefighters\u2019 protective clothing maintenance and cleaning. It also contains test results showing that firefighters\u2019 clothes accumulate harmful substances after fighting these types of fires. Pilot tests for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and formaldehyde showed that levels exceeded limits in all clothing samples. For example, the cobalt level was 24 times higher than that considered safe in the test carried out with car battery fire. Although it is recognized that liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) methods of cleaning may be more effective than traditional water washing, further research on cleaning efficiency for clothing containing substances emitted from car battery and PV modules fires is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1664485390000},"page":"12442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Firefighters\u2019 Clothing Contamination in Fires of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Photovoltaic Modules\u2014Literature Review and Pilot Tests Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Szmytke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a University of Technology, Wolczanska 213 Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Brzezi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a University of Technology, Wolczanska 213 Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2371-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Machnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Material Science of Textiles and Polymer Composites, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116 Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Kokot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cfbt.pl Foundation, Poranna 12 Str., 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, May 30). 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