{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:03:23Z","timestamp":1790791403465,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France agency"},{"name":"French National Institute for Health and Medical Research"},{"name":"French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment"},{"name":"French National Institute for Agriculture"},{"name":"National Conservatory for Arts and Crafts"},{"name":"Medical Research Foundation"},{"name":"University Sorbonne Paris Nord"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distinguishing between flexible and rigid cognitive restraint (CR) may be useful for understanding the role of CR in dietary behavior and weight status. This study aimed to translate and adapt the flexible and rigid CR scales to the French context and test their psychometric properties. Construct validity, internal consistency, and test\u2013retest reliability were examined in a sample of 620 individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scales found a two-factor structure (flexible CR: 12 items; rigid CR: 15 items) that provided a good fit and supported the initial solution (\u03c72 = 584.7, df = 322, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.052 [0.045, 0.059], TLI = 0.95). Higher flexible and rigid CR were associated with higher CR overall, emotional eating (TFEQ-R21) and eating disorders (SCOFF), and lower intuitive eating (IES-2). In addition, higher flexible CR was associated with lower impulsivity (BIS-11) while higher rigid CR was associated with higher uncontrolled eating (TFEQ-R21) and lower self-esteem (RSES), satisfaction with life (SWLS), and optimism (LOT-R). Flexible and rigid CR internal consistency was satisfactory (McDonald \u03c9 = 0.77 and 0.74, respectively) and test\u2013retest reliability was good (ICC = 0.81 and 0.79, respectively). This study validated a flexible and rigid CR tool in a French population and confirmed that these two types of CR represent distinct eating behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1665261801000},"page":"12519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Validation of the Flexible and Rigid Cognitive Restraint Scales in a General French Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3463-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"P\u00e9neau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"B\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"All\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9480-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina A.","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Touvier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Leys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychological Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50-CP191, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"France","family":"Bellisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\u2014University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x","article-title":"Restrained and unrestrained eating","volume":"43","author":"Herman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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