{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T19:06:58Z","timestamp":1775588818526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Development Foundation in Hospital for Infectious Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Central and East Europe (CEE) region consists of countries with highly diversified HIV epidemics, health care systems and socioeconomic status. The aim of the present study was to describe variations in CKD burden and care between countries. The Euroguidelines in the CEE Network Group includes 19 countries and was initiated to improve the standard of care for HIV infection in the region. Information on kidney care in HIV-positive patients was collected through online surveys sent to all members of the Network Group. Almost all centres use regular screening for CKD in all HIV (+) patients. Basic diagnostic tests for kidney function are available in the majority of centres. The most commonly used method for eGFR calculation is the Cockcroft\u2013Gault equation. Nephrology consultation is available in all centres. The median frequency of CKD was 5% and the main cause was comorbidity. Haemodialysis was the only modality of treatment for kidney failure available in all ECEE countries. Only 39% of centres declared that all treatment options are available for HIV+ patients. The most commonly indicated barrier in kidney care was patients\u2019 noncompliance. In the CEE region, people living with HIV have full access to screening for kidney disease but there are important limitations in treatment. The choice of dialysis modality and access to kidney transplantation are limited. The main burden of kidney disease is unrelated to HIV infection. Patient care can be significantly improved by addressing noncompliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"12554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease and Nephrology Care in People Living with HIV in Central\/Eastern Europe and Neighbouring Countries\u2014Cross-Sectional Analysis from the ECEE Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Mat\u0142osz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Outpatient Clinic, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Skrzat-Klapaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergii","family":"Antoniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, 01001 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatevik","family":"Balayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yerevan 0002, Armenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2641-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip","family":"Begovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Dragovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin\u2019s Infectious Disease Hospital, First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University Named after I.P. Pavlov, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djordje","family":"Jevtovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Hospital, Belgrade University School of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jilich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Faculty Hospital Bulovka Hospital, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Aimla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Tallinn Central Hospital, 10111 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Botond","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, South-Pest Central Hospital, National Center of HIV, 1007 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimonda","family":"Matulionyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Panteleev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City TB Dispensary, 101000 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University General Hospital Attikon, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Rukhadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Center, 112482 Tblisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalibor","family":"Sedl\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Plze\u0148, University Hospital Plze\u0148, Charles University, 30599 Plzen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vassilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Fund Grant Management Department, Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, 220004 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonija","family":"Verhaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Yancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for AIDS, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Disease, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Yurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal AIDS Centre, 101000 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Horban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna D.","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280f774ee","article-title":"Chronic renal failure among HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"21","author":"Mocroft","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817bbecb","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease prevalence and risk factors among HIV-infected patients","volume":"48","author":"Sorli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1644-5","article-title":"Risk factors for kidney disease among HIV-1 positive persons in the methadone program","volume":"23","author":"Matlosz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-019-01768-9","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among HIV-1-infected patients receiving a combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"23","author":"Calza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekrikpo, U.E., Kengne, A.P., Bello, A.K., Effa, E.E., Noubiap, J.J., Salako, B.L., Rayner, B.L., Remuzzi, G., and Okpechi, I.G. (2018). Chronic kidney disease in the global adult HIV-infected population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195443"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12436","article-title":"Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) conference and the Warsaw Declaration\u2014A comprehensive meeting report","volume":"18","author":"Kowalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050542","article-title":"CKD Prevalence Varies across the European General Population","volume":"27","author":"Bruck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, March 05). International Society of Nephrology: ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.theisn.org\/initiatives\/global-kidney-health-atlas\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.02.040","article-title":"Nephrology in the Eastern and Central European region: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"96","author":"Spasovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.230","article-title":"A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010","volume":"88","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000368499","article-title":"Regional variation of chronic kidney disease in Germany: Results from two population-based surveys","volume":"40","author":"Aumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2017.1339965","article-title":"Prevalence of non-infectious comorbidities in the HIV-positive population in Belgium: A multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"73","author":"Gunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001967","article-title":"Aging and the evolution of comorbidities among HIV-positive individuals in a European cohort","volume":"32","author":"Ryom","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"459","article-title":"First Occurrence of Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Hypertension Among North American HIV-Infected Adults, 2000\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, March 02). EACS Guidelines v.9.1. Available online: http:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/eacs-guidelines.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2013). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group: KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. Suppl., 3, 5\u2013150."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31826a6c4f","article-title":"Performance of creatinine and cystatin C GFR estimating equations in an HIV-positive population on antiretrovirals","volume":"61","author":"Inker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12087","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate estimated using creatinine, cystatin C or both markers and the risk of clinical events in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"15","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr676","article-title":"HIV-associated kidney glomerular diseases: Changes with time and HAART","volume":"27","author":"Lescure","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr702","article-title":"The spectrum of renal histologies seen in HIV with outcomes, prognostic indicators and clinical correlations","volume":"27","author":"Wearne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00215.x","article-title":"HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with \u201clupus-like\u201d features: A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases","volume":"67","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.050","article-title":"Risk factors for ESRD in HIV-infected individuals: Traditional and HIV-related factors","volume":"59","author":"Jotwani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1211241","article-title":"Nephrology consultations incorporated into HIV care\u2014Non-compliance is an important issue","volume":"29","author":"Matlosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv116","article-title":"Improvement in kidney transplantation in the Balkans after the Istanbul Declaration: Where do we stand today?","volume":"9","author":"Spasovski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:07Z","timestamp":1760143507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191912554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}