{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:32:54Z","timestamp":1776454374727,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Affective distress can be triggered by aggressive stimuli with an unfavorable role for the individual. Some of the factors that lead to the development and evolution of a mental disorder can be genetic. The aim of this study is to determine some correlations between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and the affective distress profile (PDA). (2) Methods: A psychological assessment and testing tool for anxiety was applied to 115 people. The low-resolution HLA alleles of class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and class II (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1) were identified by the PCR technique after DNA extraction from the blood. Depending on the PDA, the subjects were divided into two groups: a group with a low PDA and another one with a medium and high PDA. The IBM SPSS software was used to compare the frequency of HLA alleles between the two groups. (3) Results: The univariate analysis revealed a significant association of the HLA-A locus (A*01, A*30), HLA-B (B*08), and HLA-DRB1 (DRB1*11) with the low PDA group and of the HLA-A locus (A*32), HLA-B (B*52), and HLA-C (C*12) with the medium and high PDA group. (4) Conclusions: The present study highlighted potential associations between HLA alleles and anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"12608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Influence of HLA Alleles on the Affective Distress Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Laura","family":"Vic\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Delcea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, \u201cTibiscus\u201d University, 300559 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2097-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Alina","family":"Dumitrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University, 300223 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Elvira","family":"Vu\u0219can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horea Vladi","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosmin Adrian","family":"Teodoru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cLucian Blaga\u201d University, 550002 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costel Vasile","family":"Siserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30063","article-title":"Association analysis of monoamine genes with measures of depression and anxiety in a selected community sample of siblings","volume":"135B","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.07.003","article-title":"Candidate genes of anxiety-related behavior in HAB\/LAB rats and mice: Focus on vasopressin and glyoxalase-I","volume":"31","author":"Landgraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1000-y","article-title":"Shared genes influence sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors, and the stress axis","volume":"161","author":"Boehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1489","article-title":"Gene map of the extended human MHC","volume":"5","author":"Horton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1736803","article-title":"Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"779","article-title":"HLA class II genotyping in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"51","author":"Amarapurpar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(97)00024-4","article-title":"Invited anniversary review: HLA associated diseases","volume":"53","author":"Thorsby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1489832","article-title":"Association between HLA class II alleles and hepatitis B virus infection in Transylvania, Romania","volume":"47","author":"Matei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg001","article-title":"HLA-DPB1 and chronic beryllium disease: A huge review","volume":"157","author":"McCanlies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.09.034","article-title":"Genome-wide association study reveals class I MHC-restricted T cell-associated molecule gene (CRTAM) variants interact with vitamin D levels to affect asthma exacerbations","volume":"129","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14166","article-title":"Correlations Among the HLA-DQB1 Alleles and Suicidal Behavior","volume":"65","author":"Matei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.632","article-title":"F95. Effect of HLA alleles on suicide attempts and chronic pain in women","volume":"85","author":"Katrinli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-009-9369-8","article-title":"Risk for intentional violent death associated with HLA genotypes: A preliminary survey of deceased American organ donors","volume":"137","author":"Hollar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.018","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies: Findings at the major histocompatibility complex locus in psychosis","volume":"75","author":"Corvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16001","DOI":"10.1038\/hgv.2016.1","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the TMEM132D region are associated with panic disorder in HLA-DRB1*13:02-negative individuals of a Japanese population","volume":"3","author":"Otowa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Genome Var."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00125.x","article-title":"Progress in using mouse inbred strains, consomics, and mutants to identify genes related to stress, anxiety, and alcohol phenotypes","volume":"30","author":"Goldowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2010.00619.x","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in children and adults: Influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes?","volume":"9","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01764.x","article-title":"The role of genetic variability in the SLC6A4, BDNF and GABRA6 genes in anxiety-related traits","volume":"125","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"355","article-title":"Full-scale and short-form of the Profile of Mood States: A factor analytic comparison","volume":"33","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, August 09). MathWorks. Available online: https:\/\/uk.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/answers\/96572-how-can-i-perform-a-chi-square-test-to-determine-how-statistically-different-two-proportions-are-in."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni\u2019s adjustment","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gluck, A. (1971). Metode Matematice \u00een Industria Chimic\u0103, Tehic\u0103. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1342762","article-title":"HLA Polymorphisms and Haplotype Diversity in Transylvania, Romania","volume":"2019","author":"Matei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00031-2","article-title":"Evidence for genetic influences common and specific to symptoms of generalized anxiety and panic","volume":"57","author":"Scherrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.4.406","article-title":"Genetics of fear and anxiety disorders","volume":"149","author":"Marks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders","volume":"158","author":"Hettema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, R., Zamyatin, V., Klimenko, A., Matushkin, Y., Savostyanov, A., and Lashin, S. (2019). Reconstruction and Analysis of Gene Networks of Human Neurotransmitter Systems Reveal Genes with Contentious Manifestation for Anxiety, Depression, and Intellectual Disabilities. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10090699"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CONVERGE Consortium (2015). Sparse whole-genome sequencing identifies two loci for major depressive disorder. Nature, 523, 588\u2013591.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14659"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3623","article-title":"Identification of 15 genetic loci associated with risk of major depression in individuals of European descent","volume":"48","author":"Hyde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.6.701","article-title":"The genetic basis of panic disorder","volume":"26","author":"Na","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.89","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for panic disorder in the Japanese population","volume":"2","author":"Otowa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.01.002","article-title":"Immune-related pathways including HLA-DRB1* 13:02 are associated with panic disorder","volume":"46","author":"Otowa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.195","article-title":"Genetic pleiotropy between multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder: Differential involvement of immune-related gene loci","volume":"20","author":"Andreassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature, 460, 748\u2013752.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08185"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.016","article-title":"Association of HLA locus alleles with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"81","author":"Katrinli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0128-4","article-title":"HLA DRB1*03 as a possible common etiology of schizophrenia, Graves\u2019 disease, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Sayeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.11.032","article-title":"The HLA-G low expressor genotype is associated with protection against bipolar disorder","volume":"74","author":"Debnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2019.292","article-title":"Major affective distress in testing forensic paternity","volume":"27","author":"Siserman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14020263","article-title":"Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma","volume":"172","author":"Michopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:36Z","timestamp":1760143536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191912608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]}}}