{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T11:50:25Z","timestamp":1793015425096,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32001797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001797"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LM201644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201644"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LM201528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201528"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LM201328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201328"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Promotion Association of Tech-Transfer (SPAT)","award":["32001797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001797"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Promotion Association of Tech-Transfer (SPAT)","award":["LM201644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201644"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Promotion Association of Tech-Transfer (SPAT)","award":["LM201528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201528"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Promotion Association of Tech-Transfer (SPAT)","award":["LM201328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM201328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcapsules serve as a feasible formulation to load phenolic substances such as salicylic acid, a natural and safe antimicrobial agent. However, the antibacterial efficacy of salicylic acid microcapsules (SAMs) remains to be elucidated. Here, salicylic acid\/\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion microcapsules were subjected to systematic antibacterial assays and preliminary antibacterial mechanism tests using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as target organisms. It was found that the core-shell rhomboid-shaped SAMs had a smooth surface. SAMs exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 4 mg\/mL against both bacteria. In the growth inhibition assay, 1\/4 \u00d7 MIC, 1\/2 \u00d7 MIC, and 1 \u00d7 MIC of SAMs effectively retarded bacterial growth, and this effect was more prominent with the rise in the level of SAMs. Practically, SAMs possessed a rapid bactericidal effect at the 1 \u00d7 MIC level with a reduction of more than 99.9% bacterial population within 10 min. A pronounced sterilization activity against E. coli and S. aureus was also observed when SAMs were embedded into hand sanitizers as antimicrobial agents. Moreover, exposure of both bacteria to SAMs resulted in the leakage of intracellular alkaline phosphatases and macromolecular substances (nucleic acids and proteins), which indicated the disruption of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes. In conclusion, SAMs were able to inactivate E. coli and S. aureus both in vitro and in situ, highlighting the promising utilization of this formulation for antimicrobial purposes in the area of food safety and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"12761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Antibacterial Effect and Possible Mechanism of Salicylic Acid Microcapsules against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqiu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoukui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.110","article-title":"Mechanical properties and antibacterial activities of novel starch-based composite films incorporated with salicylic acid","volume":"155","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2010.07.009","article-title":"Impact of salicylic acid on post-harvest physiology of horticultural crops","volume":"21","author":"Asghari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, N., Bano, A., and Cur\u00e1, J.A. (2020). Role of beneficial microorganisms and salicylic acid in improving rainfed agriculture and future food safety. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071018"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.007","article-title":"Efficacy of salicylic acid to reduce Penicillium expansum inoculum and preserve apple fruits","volume":"221","author":"Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12013","article-title":"Postharvest control of Rhizopus stolonifer in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruits using salicylic acid","volume":"32","author":"Panahirad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/03235408.2014.882111","article-title":"Salicylic acid induced resistance in fruits to combat against postharvest pathogens: A review","volume":"48","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.129237","article-title":"Functional properties of chitosan films with conjugated or incorporated salicylic acid","volume":"1223","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.01.011","article-title":"Taste masking and rheology improvement of drug complexed with beta-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin by hot-melt extrusion","volume":"185","author":"Malaquias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02837.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mexican oregano essential oils (Lippia graveolens H. B. K.) with different composition when microencapsulated in \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"50","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"48","article-title":"Microencapsulation of essential oils within alginate: Formulation and in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity","volume":"3","author":"Soliman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Enca. Adsor. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.09.037","article-title":"Microencapsulation of garlic oil by \u03b2-cyclodextrin as a thermal protection method for antibacterial action","volume":"94","author":"Piletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.09.019","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as food ingredients","volume":"15","author":"Szente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.05.037","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of \u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of thymol and thyme oil for antimicrobial delivery applications","volume":"59","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Bai, J., Zhong, K., Huang, Y., Qi, H., Jiang, Y., and Gao, H. (2016). Antibacterial activity and membrane-disruptive mechanism of 3-p-trans-coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic acid, a novel phenolic compound from pine needles of Cedrus deodara, against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081084"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Yang, X., Song, X., Ye, L., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Sun, Y., and He, J. (2020). Composite wall material microcapsules loaded with salicylic acid and preparation method thereof. (108210346 B), CN Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X0705002X","article-title":"Complexation in a \u03b2-cyclodextrin-salicylic acid system","volume":"69","author":"Belyakova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.09.034","article-title":"The specific antibacterial effect of the Salvia oil nanoliposomes against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on milk container","volume":"61","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.03.003","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods","volume":"44","author":"Annunziata","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.09.021","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of a laccase-catalyzed chitosan\u2013gallic acid derivative against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401254g","article-title":"Gallic acid-grafted-chitosan inhibits foodborne pathogens by a membrane damage mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.015","article-title":"Synergistic effect of B-type oligomeric procyanidins from lotus seedpod in combination with water-soluble Poria cocos polysaccharides against E. coli and mechanism","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.030","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of selected plant essential oil combinations against four food-related microorganisms","volume":"44","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.09.036","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of bifidocin A against Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2017.09.002","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri) essential oils: Preparation, physicochemical and antimicrobial characterization","volume":"14","author":"Peydecastaing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.148","article-title":"Influence of different combinations of wall materials on the microencapsulation of jussara pulp (Euterpe edulis) by spray drying","volume":"212","author":"Santana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11560","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of lotus seed protein-based curcumin microcapsules with enhanced solubility, stability, and sustained release","volume":"102","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131362","article-title":"High internal phase oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by supercritical carbon dioxide extruded whey protein concentrate","volume":"372","author":"Javad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03879-5","article-title":"Preparation of stable multiple emulsions using food-grade emulsifiers: Evaluating the effects of emulsifier concentration, W\/O phase ratio, and emulsification process","volume":"2","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2015.08.008","article-title":"Controlled release and enhanced antibacterial activity of salicylic acid by hydrogen bonding with chitosan","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effects of cinnamon oil microcapsules on antioxidant activities and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of essential oils extracts from cinnamon, thyme, clove and geranium against a Gram negative and Gram positive pathogenic bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Oulkheir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Shen, Y., Thakur, K., Han, J., Zhang, J.G., Hu, F., and Wei, Z.J. (2020). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173955"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2019.1573829","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and its application in food products","volume":"35","author":"Bauza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.028","article-title":"Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of Ceratonia siliqua essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat","volume":"148","author":"Hsouna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2014.12.013","article-title":"Isolation of Raoultella planticola from refillable antimicrobial liquid soap dispensers in a dental setting","volume":"146","author":"Momeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fyab017","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyab017","article-title":"Meat juice contributes to the stability of ethanol adaptation in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1746628","article-title":"Ethanol adaptation in foodborne bacterial pathogens","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Zhan, Z., Shi, C., Wang, S., and Shi, X. (2022). Ethanol at subinhibitory concentrations enhances biofilm formation in Salmonella Enteritidis. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152237"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.07.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanism of clove oil on Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"94","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.03.025","article-title":"Antibacterial mechanism of \u03b5-Poly-lysine against Listeria monocytogenes and its application on cheese","volume":"91","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.06.001","article-title":"Antibacterial properties and possible action mechanism of chelating peptides-zinc nanocomposite against Escherichia coli","volume":"106","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106953","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and action mechanism of microencapsulated dodecyl gallate with methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12134","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan solutions and coatings incorporated with clove oil and\/or ethylenediaminetetraacetate","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13042","article-title":"Ethanol adaptation induces direct protection and cross-protection against freezing stress in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"120","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2019.3458","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to the cell membrane of Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12829","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of polyphenolic fraction of Kombucha against Vibrio cholerae: Targeting cell membrane","volume":"66","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1722060","article-title":"Plant extracts rich in polyphenols: Antibacterial agents and natural preservatives for meat and meat products","volume":"61","author":"Magdalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:04Z","timestamp":1760143624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191912761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912761","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]}}}