{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:45:23Z","timestamp":1790729123071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2020407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020407"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2021SF-362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-362"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2020407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020407"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021SF-362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SF-362"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The general toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been intensively studied, but its pulmonary toxicities are still not fully understood. To investigate the changes of lung tissue after PM2.5 exposure and identify the potential mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity, PM2.5 samples were firstly collected and analyzed. Next, different doses of PM2.5 samples (5 mg\/kg, 10 mg\/kg, 20 mg\/kg) were intratracheally instilled into rats to simulate lung inhalation of polluted air. After instillation for eight weeks, morphological alterations of the lung were examined, and the levels of oxidative stress were detected. The data indicated that the major contributors to PM2.5 mass were organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. Different concentrations of PM2.5 could trigger oxidative stress through increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, and decreasing expression of antioxidant-related proteins (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and catalase). Histochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy displayed pulmonary inflammation, collagen deposition, mitochondrial swelling, and a decreasing number of multilamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells after PM2.5 exposure, which was related to PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. These results provide a basis for a better understanding of pulmonary impairment in response to PM2.5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"12893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Alveolar Type II Cell Damage and Nrf2-SOD1 Pathway Downregulation Are Involved in PM2.5-Induced Lung Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College, Xi\u2019an Peihua University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanle","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College, Xi\u2019an Peihua University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghui","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1053","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00131.2007","article-title":"Fine airborne urban particles (PM2.5) sequester lung surfactant and amino acids from human lung lavage","volume":"293","author":"Kendall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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