{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:28:34Z","timestamp":1787243314672,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world is still in the grip of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, with putative psychological consequences for healthcare workers (HCWs). Exploring the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the first SARS-CoV-1 epidemic in 2003 may inform us of the long-term effects of the actual pandemic, as well as putative influencing factors such as contact with the virus, time effects, or the importance of some sociodemographic data. This information may help us develop efficient preventive strategies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of PTSD in HCWs following the SARS-CoV-1 in 2003. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Psychinfo, and Web of Science were searched until September 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses were stratified by the time of follow-up. We included 14 studies: 4842 HCWs (32.0 years old, 84% women). The overall prevalence of PTSD was 14% (95CI 10 to 17%). The prevalence of PTSD was 16% (8 to 24%) during the epidemic, 19% (16 to 22%) within 6 months after the epidemic, and 8% (4 to 13%) more than one year after the end of the epidemic. The longest follow-up was three years after the epidemic, with 10% of HCWs with PTSD. Nevertheless, the prevalence of PTSD was significantly lower more than one year after the end of the epidemic than the first six months after the epidemic (Coefficient \u221210.4, 95CI \u221217.6 to \u22123.2, p = 0.007). In conclusion, the prevalence of PTSD in HCWs was high during the first epidemic of SARS-CoV in 2003 and remained high in the long term. The lessons from the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic may help prevent a wave of PTSD following the latest COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"13069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Healthcare Workers following the First SARS-CoV Epidemic of 2003: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bastien","family":"Alberque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Laporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Mondillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martial","family":"Mermillod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC, 38100 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Brousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, EA 7280 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ukadike Chris","family":"Ugbolube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire G72 0LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Bouillon-Minois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h6161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h6161","article-title":"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"351","author":"Bisson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ\u2014Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, Y.Y., Chang, W.H., Ma, I.C., Wu, C.-L., Chen, P.S., Yang, Y.K., and Lin, C.-H. (2019). Long-Term PTSD Risks in Emergency Medical Technicians Who Responded to the 2016 Taiwan Earthquake: A Six-Month Observational Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244983"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, J., de Lepinau, J., de Buyer, A., Delanoy, N., Mir, O., and Gaillard, R. (2019). The Impact of the Paris Terrorist Attacks on the Mental Health of Resident Physicians. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2058-y"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.034","article-title":"Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01953-7","article-title":"The Increase of PTSD in Front-line Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Mediating Role of Risk Perception: A One-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"12","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"568","article-title":"Are Health Professionals Getting Caught in the Crossfire? The Personal Implications of Caring for Trauma Victims. Emerg","volume":"21","author":"Crabbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001336","article-title":"PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic","volume":"51","author":"Dutheil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001250","article-title":"Predicting Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms Among Frontline Firefighters in China","volume":"209","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2020.61.279","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Prediction of Mental Health Disorders Induced by The COVID-19 Pandemic Among Health Care Workers","volume":"61","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonaccio, C.M., Pham, P., Vinck, P., Collet, K., Brennan, R.T., and Betancourt, T.S. (2021). Fear, Distress, and Perceived Risk Shape Stigma Toward Ebola Survivors: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12146-0"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"S9","article-title":"SARS: Epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of the SARS Epidemic on Hospital Employees in China: Exposure, Risk Perception, and Altruistic Acceptance of Risk","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.035089","article-title":"The Psychological Effect of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Emergency Department Staff","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060584","article-title":"Long-term Psychological and Occupational Effects of Providing Hospital Healthcare during SARS Outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Maunder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J. CDC"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","article-title":"Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.3.205","article-title":"Impact of Event Scale: Psychometric Properties","volume":"180","author":"Sundin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of The Impact of Event Scale\u2014Revised","volume":"41","author":"Creamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10021","article-title":"Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): Normative Scores in The General Population and Effect Sizes in Placebo-Controlled SSRI Trials","volume":"15","author":"Davidson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00895.x","article-title":"The Chinese Version of The Davidson Trauma Scale: A Practice Test for Validation","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.03.015","article-title":"PTSD Symptom Trajectories: From Early to Chronic Response","volume":"45","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.568664","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Provisional Metanalysis on Psychopathologic Burden on Health Care Workers of Coronavirus Outbreaks","volume":"11","author":"Galli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508329131","article-title":"Duration of Exposure and the Dose-Response Model of PTSD","volume":"25","author":"Kaysen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2302","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Treated and Untreated Adolescents 5 Years After a Catastrophic Disaster","volume":"162","author":"Goenjian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the Assessment of the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wells, G., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Robertson, J., Peterson, J., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2022, August 30). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210716121605id_\/http:\/\/www3.med.unipmn.it\/dispense_ebm\/2009-2010\/Corso%20Perfezionamento%20EBM_Faggiano\/NOS_oxford.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W-163","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010-w1","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration","volume":"147","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000048","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2010-000048","article-title":"Uses and Misuses of the STROBE Statement: Bibliographic Study","volume":"1","author":"Cevallos","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in Clinical Trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqh027","article-title":"Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.1.76","article-title":"Psychological Distress of Nurses in Taiwan Who Worked During The Outbreak of SARS","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.2.127","article-title":"Psychological Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Health Workers in A Tertiary Hospital","volume":"185","author":"Chong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"S78","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity among emergency department doctors and nurses after the SARS outbreak","volume":"33","author":"Tham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.1.91","article-title":"Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Toronto Hospital Workers One to Two Years After the SARS Outbreak","volume":"59","author":"Lancee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1159\/000095443","article-title":"The Mental Health of Hospital Workers Dealing with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200406","article-title":"Immediate and Sustained Psychological Impact of an Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreak on Health Care Workers","volume":"52","author":"McAlonan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2004.11.9.19589","article-title":"Psychological Impact of the SARS Outbreak on a Singaporean Rehabilitation Department","volume":"11","author":"Sim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006","article-title":"Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity and Psychological Adaptation of the Nurses in a Structured SARS Caring Unit During Outbreak: A Prospective and Periodic Assessment Study in Taiwan","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.verma","article-title":"Post-SARS Psychological Morbidity and Stigma Among General Practitioners and Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners in Singapore","volume":"33","author":"Verma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn073","article-title":"Alcohol Abuse\/Dependence Symptoms Among Hospital Employees Exposed to a SARS Outbreak","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutheil, F., Aubert, C., Pereira, B., Dambrun, M., Moustafa, F., Mermillod, M., Baker, J.S., Trousselard, M., Lesage, F.-X., and Navel, V. (2019). Suicide Among Physicians and Health-Care Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3397193"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.08.034","article-title":"Physician Stress and Burnout","volume":"133","author":"Yates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2028780","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.28780","article-title":"Association of Physician Burnout With Suicidal Ideation and Medical Errors","volume":"3","author":"Menon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Renner, A., Kaiser, J., and Kersting, A. (2022). Traumatization in the Medical Profession: Initiating Events, Roles and Process Factors. Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30377-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"4","author":"Edmondson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000167","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neuroprogression in Chronic PTSD","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100332","article-title":"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and its Association with Stroke and Stroke Risk Factors: A Literature Review","volume":"14","author":"Perkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026854","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk for Stroke in Young and Middle-Aged Adults","volume":"50","author":"Rosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schug, C., Geiser, F., Hiebel, N., Beschoner, P., Jerg-Bretzke, L., Albus, C., Weidner, K., Morawa, E., and Erim, Y. (2022). Sick Leave and Intention to Quit the Job among Nursing Staff in German Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041947"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.35","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities For the Greek Health Care System","volume":"37","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26267","DOI":"10.2196\/26267","article-title":"The Anticipated Future of Public Health Services Post COVID-19: Viewpoint","volume":"7","author":"Bashier","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Convalescent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Patients: A 4-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"31","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000180744.97263.d3","article-title":"Long-term Follow-up (32 Years) of PTSD in Israeli Yom Kippur War Veterans","volume":"193","author":"Shlosberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.130.10.1123","article-title":"Medicine: A Career Conflict for Women","volume":"130","author":"Notman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S351042","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of PTSD Symptoms After the COVID-19 Epidemic Outbreak in an Online Survey in China: The Age and Gender Differences Matter","volume":"18","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"256","article-title":"The Role of Personality Traits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutheil, F., Danini, B., Bagheri, R., Fantini, M.L., Pereira, B., Moustafa, F., Trousselard, M., and Navel, V. (2021). Effects of a Short Daytime Nap on the Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910212"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benichou, T., Pereira, B., Mermillod, M., Tauveron, I., Pfabigan, D., Maqdasy, S., and Dutheil, F. (2018). Heart Rate Variability In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195166"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Falasi, B., Al Mazrouei, M., Al Ali, M., Al Dhamani, M., Al Ali, A., Al Kindi, M., Dalkilinc, M., Al Qubaisi, M., Campos, L.A., and Al Tunaiji, H. (2021). Prevalence and Determinants of Immediate and Long-Term PTSD Consequences of Coronavirus-Related (CoV-1 and CoV-2) Pandemics among Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042182"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutheil, F., Parreira, L.M., Eismann, J., Lesage, F.-X., Balayssac, D., Lambert, C., Clinchamps, M., Pezet, D., Pereira, B., and Le Roy, B. (2021). Burnout in French General Practitioners: A Nationwide Prospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212044"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002785","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002785","article-title":"The Long-term Effects of Occupational Exposure to Vinyl Chloride Monomer on Microcirculation: A Cross-Sectional Study 15\u2005years After Retirement","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.20.1.81","article-title":"A Comparison of Interview And Self-Report Methods For the Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria","volume":"20","author":"Hopwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688367","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.688367","article-title":"DHEA as a Biomarker of Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dutheil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaa109","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa109","article-title":"Napping and Cognitive Performance During Night Shifts: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Dutheil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:11Z","timestamp":1760143811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192013069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}}}