{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:52:23Z","timestamp":1762069943804,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Nottingham"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asymptomatic testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been used to prevent and manage COVID-19 outbreaks in university settings, but few studies have explored their implementation. The aim of the study was to evaluate how an accredited asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing service (ATS) was implemented at the University of Nottingham, a multi-campus university in England, to identify barriers and enablers of implementation and to draw out lessons for implementing pandemic response initiatives in higher education settings. A qualitative interview study was conducted with 25 ATS personnel between May and July 2022. Interviews were conducted online, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Participants were asked about their experience of the ATS, barriers and enablers of implementation. Transcripts were thematically analysed. There were four overarching themes: (1) social responsibility and innovation, (2) when, how and why people accessed testing, (3) impact of the ATS on the spread of COVID-19, and (4) lessons learned for the future. In establishing the service, the institution was seen to be valuing its community and socially responsible. The service was viewed to be broadly successful as a COVID-19 mitigation approach. Challenges to service implementation were the rapidly changing pandemic situation and government advice, delays in service accreditation and rollout to staff, ambivalence towards testing and isolating in the target population, and an inability to provide follow-up support for positive cases within the service. Facilitators included service visibility, reduction in organisational bureaucracy and red tape, inclusive leadership, collaborative working with regular feedback on service status, flexibility in service delivery approaches and simplicity of saliva testing. The ATS instilled a perception of early \u2018return to normality\u2019 and impacted positively on staff feelings of safety and wellbeing, with wider benefits for healthcare services and local communities. In conclusion, we identified common themes that have facilitated or hindered the implementation of a SARS-CoV-2 testing service at a university in England. Lessons learned from ATS implementation will inform future pandemic response interventions in higher education settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:53:29Z","timestamp":1665608009000},"page":"13140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Qualitative Evaluation of the Barriers and Enablers for Implementation of an Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Testing Service at the University of Nottingham: A Multi-Site Higher Education Setting in England"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3080-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Blake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Somerset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikra","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Corner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Executive Office, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan K.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-200420","article-title":"Global burden of COVID-19: Situational analyis and review","volume":"29","author":"Gebru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, H., Carlisle, S., O\u2019Connor, M., Briggs, L., Fothergill, L., Al-Oraibi, A., Yildirim, M., Morling, J.R., Corner, J., and Ball, J. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and Self-Isolation on students and staff in higher education: A qualitative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010675"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, H., Knight, H., Jia, R., Corner, J., Morling, J.R., Denning, C., Ball, J.K., Bolton, K., Figueredo, G., and Morris, D.E. (2021). Students\u2019 views towards SARS-CoV-2 mass asymptomatic testing, social distancing and self-isolation in a university setting during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0399.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10056-6","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff","volume":"268","author":"Marelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Filho, W., Wall, T., Rayman-Bacchus, L., Mifsud, M., Pritchard, D.J., Lovren, V.O., Farinha, C., Petrovic, D.S., and Balogun, A.-L. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 and social isolation on academic staff and students at universities: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11040-z"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, H., Mahmood, I., Dushi, G., Yildirim, M., and Gay, E. (2021). Psychological impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare trainees and perceptions towards a digital wellbeing support package. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010647"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segaloff, H.E., Cole, D., Rosenblum, H.G., Lee, C.C., Morgan, C.N., Remington, P., Pitts, C., Kelly, P., Baggott, J., and Bateman, A. (2021). Risk Factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection and Presence of Anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among University Student Dormitory Residents, September\u2013November 2020, Oxford University Press. Open Forum Infectious Diseases.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab405"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0583-3","article-title":"Blueprint for a pop-up SARS-CoV-2 testing lab","volume":"38","author":"Amen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Faherty, L.J., Master, B.K., Steiner, E.D., Kaufman, J.H., Predmore, Z., Stelitano, L., Leschitz, J.T., Phillips, B., Schwartz, H.L., and Wolfe, R.L. (2021). COVID-19 Testing in K-12 Schools: Insights from Early Adopters, RAND Corporation."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maya, S., McCorvie, R., Jacobson, K., Shete, P.B., Bardach, N., and Kahn, J.G. (2022). COVID-19 Testing Strategies for K-12 Schools in California: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159371"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01220-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01220-21","article-title":"Performance of Three Tests for SARS-CoV-2 on a University Campus Estimated Jointly with Bayesian Latent Class Modeling","volume":"10","author":"Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towers, S.A., Gemechu, N.B., Nagaraj, N.C., Landry, M.M., Beane, P., Sardon, G.A., Weiss, E.C., Liu, C.M., Park, D.E., and Aziz, M. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and outbreak response on an urban American college campus. J. Am. Coll. Health, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2034834"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30833-3","article-title":"Mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a large public university","volume":"13","author":"Ranoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2225430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.25430","article-title":"Examination of SARS-CoV-2 In-Class Transmission at a Large Urban University with Public Health Mandates Using Epidemiological and Genomic Methodology","volume":"5","author":"Kuhfeldt","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"121","article-title":"Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Asymptomatic Faculty and Staff at the University of Wisconsin-Madison","volume":"121","author":"Goss","year":"2022","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2022.06.003","article-title":"Buildout and integration of an automated high-throughput CLIA laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 testing on a large urban campus","volume":"27","author":"Landaverde","year":"2022","journal-title":"SLAS Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab464","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab464","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology on a Public University Campus in Washington State","volume":"8","author":"Weil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehrenberg, A.J., Moehle, E.A., Brook, C.E., Doudna Cate, A.H., Witkowsky, L.B., Sachdeva, R., Hirsh, A., Barry, K., Hamilton, J.R., and Lin-Shiao, E. (2021). Launching a saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing program on a university campus. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251296"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37189","article-title":"Assessment of a multifaceted approach, including frequent PCR testing, to mitigation of COVID-19 transmission at a residential historically Black university","volume":"4","author":"Hockstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-020-09526-0","article-title":"Repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing models for residential college populations","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Care Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100476","article-title":"Modelling SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a UK university setting","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85252-z","article-title":"A modeling study to inform screening and testing interventions for the control of SARS-CoV-2 on university campuses","volume":"11","author":"Lopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packel, L., Reingold, A., Hunter, L., Facente, S., Li, Y., Harte, A., Nicolette, G., Urnov, F.D., Lu, M., and Petersen, M. (2021). Piloting an integrated SARS-CoV-2 testing and data system for outbreak containment among college students: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245765"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035a4","article-title":"Screening Programs for SARS-CoV-2 Infections on a University Campus\u2014Austin, Texas, 30 September\u201330 November 2020","volume":"70","author":"Nerhood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946e1","article-title":"Implementation of a pooled surveillance testing program for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections on a college campus\u2014Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 2 August\u201311 October 2020","volume":"69","author":"Denny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01089-21","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01089-21","article-title":"Routine, Cost-Effective SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Testing Using Pooled Saliva Limits Viral Spread on a Residential College Campus","volume":"9","author":"Fund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa194","article-title":"Norwich COVID-19 testing initiative pilot: Evaluating the feasibility of asymptomatic testing on a university campus","volume":"43","author":"Gillam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, H., Corner, J., Cirelli, C., Hassard, J., Briggs, L., Daly, J.M., Bennett, M., Chappell, J.G., Fairclough, L., and McClure, C.P. (2021). Perceptions and experiences of the University of Nottingham pilot SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic testing service: A mixed-methods study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010188"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2022.100255","article-title":"Rapid antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a university setting in Ireland: Learning from a 6-week pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Barry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, H., Carlisle, S., Fothergill, L., Hassard, J., Favier, A., Corner, J., Ball, J.K., and Denning, C. (2022). Mixed-methods process evaluation of a residence-based SARS-CoV-2 testing participation pilot on a UK university campus during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13792-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newcomer, K.E., Harry, H.P., and Wholey, J.S. (2015). Conducting semi-structured interviews. Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119171386"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourgeault, I., Dingwall, R., and De Vries, R. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Health Research, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268247"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2022, September 23). COVID-19 Variants Identified in the UK\u2013Latest Updates, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/covid-19-variants-identified-in-the-uk-latest-updates."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15616-6","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a non-invasive one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 direct from saliva","volume":"12","author":"Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"778790","article-title":"Saliva for COVID-19 testing: Simple but useless or an undervalued resource?","volume":"29","author":"Tarantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarantini, F.S., Wu, S., Jenkins, H., Tellechea Lopez, A., Tomlin, H., Hyde, R., Lis-Slimak, K., Thompson, J.L., Pijuan-Galit\u00f3, S., and Scales, D. (2022). Direct RT-qPCR Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva Samples. Methods Protoc., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps5020025"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001301","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001301","article-title":"Comparative effects of viral-transport-medium heat inactivation upon downstream SARS-CoV-2 detection in patient samples","volume":"70","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1188\/14.ONF.545-547","article-title":"The use of triangulation in qualitative research","volume":"41","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2388","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2388","article-title":"Mass testing of university students for COVID-19","volume":"375","author":"Matheson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2140602","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40602","article-title":"COVID-19 Testing and Case Rates and Social Contact Among Residential College Students in Connecticut during the 2020\u20132021 Academic Year","volume":"4","author":"Schultes","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n848","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n848","article-title":"COVID-19: Mass testing at UK universities is haphazard and unscientific, finds BMJ investigation","volume":"372","author":"Iacobucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.030","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy","volume":"116","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3934\/GF.2021008","article-title":"Paradigm shift in the concept of corporate social responsibility: COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Navickas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Financ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"806","article-title":"University social responsibility and empathy in organizations during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Responsib. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871025","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.871025","article-title":"Red Tape and Community Workers\u2019 Proactive Behavior During COVID-19: Applying the Job Demands\u2013Resources Model","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8500.12378","article-title":"Innovative work behaviour in the public sector: The roles of task characteristics, social support, and proactivity","volume":"79","author":"Suseno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. J. Pub. Admin."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"435","article-title":"Proactive behavior in organizations","volume":"26","author":"Crant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, H., Somerset, S., Mahmood, I., Mahmood, N., Corner, J., Ball, J.K., and Denning, C. (2022). Workforce experiences of a rapidly established SARS-CoV-2 asymtpomatic testing service in a higher education set-ting: A qualitative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912464"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.031765","article-title":"Can scientists and policy makers work together?","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682757","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on university faculty, staff, and students and coping strategies used during the lockdown in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"12","author":"Miskry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1057\/s41293-020-00150-8","article-title":"The UK government\u2019s COVID-19 policy: Assessing evidence-informed policy analysis in real time","volume":"16","author":"Cairney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Politics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100527","article-title":"Optimizing COVID-19 control with asymptomatic surveillance testing in a university environment","volume":"37","author":"Brook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09285-1","article-title":"Understanding the acceptability, barriers and facilitators for chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening in technical colleges: Qualitative process evaluation of the \u201cTest n Treat\u201d trial","volume":"20","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, D., Baralle, N.L., Alagil, J., Anil, K., Ciccognani, S., Dewar-Haggart, R., Fearn, S., Groot, J., Knowles, K., and Meagher, C. (2022). How do we engage people in testing for COVID-19? A rapid qualitative evaluation of a testing programme in schools, GP surgeries and a university. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12657-4"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"172","article-title":"\u2018SERPS Up\u2019: Support, engagement and retention of postgraduate students: A model of postgraduate support","volume":"45","author":"Alston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Adult Learn."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serpas, D.G., and Ignacio, D.A. (2021). COVID-19 fear mediates the relationship between perceived risk and preventive behaviors: The moderating role of perceived effectiveness. Psychol. Health, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2021.1980566"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000465","article-title":"Ambivalence and self-reported adherence to recommendations to reduce the spread of COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2020.103311","article-title":"JUE Insight: College student travel contributed to local COVID-19 spread","volume":"127","author":"Mangrum","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Oraibi, A., Fothergill, L., Yildirim, M., Knight, H., Carlisle, S., O\u2019Connor, M., Briggs, L., Morling, J.R., Corner, J., and Ball, J.K. (2022). Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Social Restrictions on International University Students: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137631"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055644","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055644","article-title":"Durham University students\u2019 experiences of asymptomatic COVID-19 testing: A qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"DHSC (2022, August 26). New Campaign Urges Public to Get Tested Twice a Week, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/new-campaign-urges-public-to-get-tested-twice-a-week."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, A., Robin, C., and Carter, H. (2022). The social media response to twice-weekly mass asymptomatic testing in England. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12605-2"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e053850","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053850","article-title":"Perceptions on undertaking regular asymptomatic self-testing for COVID-19 using lateral flow tests: A qualitative study of university students and staff","volume":"11","author":"Wanat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:52:55Z","timestamp":1760143975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192013140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]}}}