{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:36:06Z","timestamp":1768635366234,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most common effects reported by the Italian Medicine Agency following administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are myalgia, soreness to the arm of inoculation, fever, and asthenia. To date, there are no specific and official reports registered by the Italian Medicine Agency on possible alterations of the menstrual cycle, or of the female reproductive system, following the vaccine. Actually, clinical experience showed a spread of transient adverse drug reactions of the menstrual cycle, following the administration of all COVID-19 vaccine types, both mRNA and Adenovirus vectored ones. In this work, we conducted the first retrospective study on Italian patients vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 in the period between April 2021 and April 2022, to report the onset of menstrual changes after the vaccine in order to understand: etiology, duration of possible adverse effects, and the extent of the phenomenon. We recruited 100 women aged 18\u201345, vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2, who were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 12 multiple choice questions about the effects of the vaccine on the reproductive system. Thirty-seven of them received three doses of the vaccine, while the remaining 63 received two doses. Symptoms such as delayed menstruation and abnormal uterine bleeding (metrorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, and menorrhagia) were generally reported within the first three weeks of vaccination, especially after the second dose, with a percentage of 23% and 77%, respectively. These preliminary data suggest that this problem may be broader and deserving of further investigation in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T20:55:11Z","timestamp":1665694511000},"page":"13167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Adverse Effects in Gynecology and Obstetrics: The First Italian Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Dellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cSan Paolo\u201d Hospital, ASL Bari, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Research Institute, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Tafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Stefanizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Malvasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Vagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cSan Paolo\u201d Hospital, ASL Bari, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Cormio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Loizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Tinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cValle d\u2019Itria\u201d Hospital, 74015 Martina Franca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Cicinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Section, Policlinic of Bari, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Aldo Moro, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Oncology, Center for Study of Heredo-Familial Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Tumori \u201cGiovanni Paolo II\u201d Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0472-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Maiorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Resta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4816-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danila","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1287-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliano","family":"Cascardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pathology Unit, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute, Str. Provinciale 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Actualit\u00e9 (2021, June 02). Point de Situation sur la Surveillance des Vaccins Contre la COVID-19\u2014P\u00e9riode du 16\/04\/2021 au 22\/04\/2021. ANSM. 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