{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:06:47Z","timestamp":1789510007511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"cross-border cooperation program INTERREG V-A Slovakia\u2014Austria through the project Center of Active Ageing\u2014Competence Center for Health"},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (partners: Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiko- &amp; Rheumatherapie GmbH, St. P\u00f6lten, Austria)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular physical activity, recommended by the WHO, is crucial in maintaining a good physical fitness level and health status and slows down the effects of aging. However, there is a lack of knowledge of whether lifelong endurance running, with a volume and frequency above the WHO limits, still brings the same benefits, or several negative effects too. The present study aims to examine the protentional benefits and risks of lifelong endurance running training in Master male athletes, as this level of physical activity is above the WHO recommendations. Within the study, four main groups of participants will be included: (1) endurance-trained master athletes, (2) endurance-trained young athletes, (3) young sedentary adults, and (4) elderly sedentary. Both groups of athletes are strictly marathon runners, who are still actively running. The broad spectrum of the diagnostic tests, from the questionnaires, physical fitness testing, and blood sampling to muscle biopsy, will be performed to obtain the possibility of complexly analyzing the effects of lifelong endurance physical activity on the human body and aging. Moreover, the study will try to discover and explain new relationships between endurance running and diagnostic parameters, not only within aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T20:55:11Z","timestamp":1665694511000},"page":"13184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Aging and Possible Benefits or Negatives of Lifelong Endurance Running: How Master Male Athletes Differ from Young Athletes and Elderly Sedentary?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1471-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Vajda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2963-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dudmila","family":"Oresk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"\u010cern\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"\u010cupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Tirp\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Cve\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamar Institute for Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Hamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0213-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciano","family":"Protasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0747-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nejc","family":"\u0160arabon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia"},{"name":"Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Zampieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"L\u00f6fler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1100 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Physical Medicine, Physik und Rheumatherapie, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9661-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 1100 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Physical Medicine, Physik und Rheumatherapie, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3300 Amstetten, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Sedliak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1623","article-title":"Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging","volume":"18","author":"Garatachea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0603","article-title":"Aging human body: Changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake","volume":"234","author":"Nasabian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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