{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:36:49Z","timestamp":1790347009271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41977402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal pollution and water eutrophication are still the main issues to be solved in the environmental field. To find a biological control method for Cd2+-contaminated water or combined eutrophication and Cd2+ pollution water, the effects of salicylic acid on heavy metal Cd2+ resistance in eukaryotic algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa and its mechanisms were studied. The results showed that the inhibition rates of 3.0 mg\/L Cd2+ stress group at 96 h were 67.0% on S. obliquus and 61.4% on C. pyrenoidosa and their uptake of Cd2+ was 0.31 mg\/g and 0.35 mg\/g, respectively. When adding the different concentrations of salicylic acid while stressed by 3.0 mg\/L Cd2+, the hormesis phenomenon of low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition could be seen, and the inhibition rates of 30 mg\/L~90 mg\/L salicylic acid addition groups were significantly lower than those of the Cd2+ stress group alone, which were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) and the absorption of Cd2+ was dramatically improved. Except for the 120 mg\/L salicylic acid addition group, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv\/Fm and YII), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of all the other concentration groups were significantly higher than those of the Cd2+ stress group alone, p &lt; 0.05.; the algal cell morphology in low concentration groups (30 mg\/L and 60 mg\/L) was also less damaged than those in the Cd2+ stress group alone. These indicate that the low concentrations of salicylic acid can counteract or protect the algal cells from Cd2+ attack, the mechanisms, on the one hand, might be related to the chelation of heavy metals by salicylic acid, resulting in the decrease of the toxicity of Cd2+; on the other hand, low concentrations of salicylic acid can stimulate the growth of these two algae, improve their photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity, as well as maintain the relative integrity of algal morphological structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"13415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Salicylic Acid on Heavy Metal Resistance in Eukaryotic Algae and Its Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.048","article-title":"How successful are the restoration efforts of China\u2019s lakes and reservoirs?","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Analysis and evaluation of eutrophication of seawater and characteristics of heavy metal in Xiaohai Hainan","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.18307\/2022.0226","article-title":"Eco-environmental evolution process during the past century in Lake Changdang, Lake Taihu Basin","volume":"2","author":"Weigan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Zou, J., Liu, S., Chen, X., Kong, X., Zhang, H., and Xu, T. (2022). Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Dissolved Heavy Metals in Liaodong Bay, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010608"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.029","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of microcystins in seston, zooplankton and fish: A case study in Lake Zumpango, Mexico","volume":"249","author":"Nandini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Current situation of rice heavy metal pollution and detection technology in China","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Technol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17123-z","article-title":"Metabolomic and antioxidant enzyme activity changes in response to cadmium stress under boron application of wheat (Triticum aestivum)","volume":"29","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2021.04.004","article-title":"Impact of cadmium pollution on food safety and human health","volume":"27","author":"Suhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lad, A., Breidenbach, J.D., Su, R.C., Murray, J., Kuang, R., Mascarenhas, A., Najjar, J., Patel, S., Hegde, P., and Youssef, M. (2022). As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030418"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134245","article-title":"Allelopathic inhibitory effect on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa by improved ultrasonic-cellulase extract of Vallisneria","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000776","article-title":"A review of allelopathy on microalgae","volume":"165","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Chang, Y., Sun, L., Du, F., Cui, J., Liu, X., Li, N., Wang, W., Li, J., and Yao, D. (2021). Abundant Allelochemicals and the Inhibitory Mechanism of the Phenolic Acids in Water Dropwort for the Control of Microcystis aeruginosa Blooms. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122653"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, C., Li, J., He, Y., and Xiao, H. (2022). Algal Inhibiting Effects of Salicylic Acid Sustained-Release Microspheres on Algae in Different Growth Cycles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106320"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"169","article-title":"Allelopathy inhibition of salicylic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. South. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"10","article-title":"Growth and physiological responses of Synechococcus (Synechococcus sp. PCC7942) to phenolic acid allelochemicals","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Res. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"290","article-title":"Effect of salicylic acid on polysaccharide and microcystin contents in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806","volume":"43","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"You, H.K., Zhang, J., Lu, C., Wang, G., Yu, L., Shi, H., and Duan, Y. (2022). Effects of salicylic acid induction on growth and lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus obliquus. China Oils Fats."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.2017.06.001","article-title":"The effects of abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on lipid accumulation in two freshwater Chlorella strains","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2648-3","article-title":"Algae as a green technology for heavy metals removal from various wastewater","volume":"35","author":"Salama","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07609","article-title":"Phycoremediation mechanisms of heavy metals using living green microalgae: Physicochemical and molecular approaches for enhancing selectivity and removal capacity","volume":"7","author":"Danouche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18419-w","article-title":"Heavy metal-induced stress in eukaryotic algae\u2014Mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance with particular emphasis on oxidative stress in exposed cells and the role of antioxidant response","volume":"29","author":"Nowicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of salinity stress on growth and nitrogen and phosphorus utilization of two Chlorella Species","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"59","article-title":"Study on purification of Scenedesmus obliquus on domestic sewage","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hunan Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.10.027","article-title":"Biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solution using Chlorella pyrenoidosa: Optimization, equilibrium and kinetics studies","volume":"145","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104460","article-title":"Heavy metals phycoremediation using tolerant green microalgae: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems for the management of oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Danouche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, B., Liu, C., Liang, Y.C., Li, N.Y., and Fu, Q.L. (2019). Salicylic acid signals plant defence against cadmium toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122960"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"478","article-title":"Toxic effect of cadmium on Microcysis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.-China"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128755","article-title":"Cadmium biosorption and biomass production by two freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus acutus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa: An integrated approach","volume":"269","author":"Chandrashekharaiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-019-09739-8","article-title":"Changes in the life-cycle parameters and glutathione-related antioxidant defense system of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under the combined stress of microcystin-LR and ammonia","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-021-00088-6","article-title":"Resistance of bacteria isolated from leachate to heavy metals and the removal of Hg by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FZ-2 at different salinity levels in a batch biosorption system","volume":"31","author":"Imron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.04.007","article-title":"New Prospects for Modified Algae in Heavy Metal Adsorption","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2022.02.003","article-title":"Biomarker for monitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic environment: An overview toward molecular perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Kadim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-015-0570-6","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism in Urtica dioica in response to cadmium based oxidative stress","volume":"60","author":"Tarhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12950-6","article-title":"Effects of zinc and mercury on ROS-mediated oxidative stress-induced physiological impairments and antioxidant responses in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"28","author":"Ajitha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhou, S., and Fan, W. (2016). Effect of Nano-Al2O3 on the Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Copper towards Scenedesmus obliquus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060575"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.103818","article-title":"The effects of mining tailings in the physiology of benthic algae: Understanding the relation between mud\u2019s inductive acidification and the heavy metal\u2019s toxicity","volume":"167","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exp\u00f3sito, N., Carafa, R., Kumar, V., Sierra, J., Schuhmacher, M., and Papiol, G. (2021). Performance of Chlorella Vulgaris Exposed to Heavy Metal Mixtures: Linking Measured Endpoints and Mechanisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031037"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:55Z","timestamp":1760144155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192013415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}