{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:56Z","timestamp":1787028356990,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH002000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: In this evaluation of COVID-19 preventative response programs in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), we aimed to explore community understandings of COVID-19, assess operational successes and challenges of COVID response activities, and identify barriers to practicing COVID-19 preventative behaviors. Methods: Thirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted from April to September 2021 in South Kivu, DRC, with community members (n = 16) and programmatic stakeholders (n = 15) (healthcare providers, government officials, and developmental and NGO staff engaged in COVID-19 response). Findings: Most community members were aware of COVID-19 and its global burden, but few were aware of local transmission in their area. Some community members attributed COVID-19 to actions of malevolent neighbors, miasma (\u201cbad air\u201d), or spirits. Awareness of COVID-19 preventative measures was widespread, largely because of radio and TV health promotion programs. Community members and programmatic stakeholders both said community-level non-compliance to COVID-19 preventative measures was high despite high awareness of preventative methods. Community members expressed concern that face masks distributed as part of preventative programs contained the COVID-19 virus. Programmatic stakeholders emphasized the need for broader health system strengthening with improved coordination, provision of resources to health facilities at the provincial level, and prioritization of research. Lessons learned from addressing Ebola were leveraged for COVID-19 health promotion, rapid training of healthcare personnel, and surveillance. Conclusions: Community-informed approaches are needed for effective COVID-19 preventative response programs in South Kivu, DRC. Our study identified successes and challenges in COVID-19 response activities. Future research should assess the effectiveness of integrating preventive programs with COVID-19 vaccination efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"13424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Qualitative Evaluation of COVID-19 Preventative Response Activities in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3691-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Aubourg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucien","family":"Bisimwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Bisimwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Presence","family":"Sanvura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raissa","family":"Boroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Lunyelunye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessy","family":"Timsifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Munyerenkana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Winch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Bengehya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de l\u2019Information Sanitaire, Surveillance Epid\u00e9miologique et Recherche Scientifique, Division Provinciale de la Sant\u00e9 Sud Kivu, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2227-5999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislain","family":"Maheshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cirhuza","family":"Cikomola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Mwishingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases & Global Health, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu B.P 265, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Marie","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1502","article-title":"Seeding COVID-19 across Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Reported Importation Events across 49 Countries","volume":"104","author":"Skrip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00279-2","article-title":"Coping with COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Might the Future Hold?","volume":"35","author":"Mennechet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975920977874","article-title":"The health and economic burden of the coronavirus in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"28","author":"Bitanihirwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105251","article-title":"Why is the number of COVID-19 cases lower than expected in Sub-Saharan Africa? A cross-sectional analysis of the role of demographic and geographic factors","volume":"138","author":"Nguimkeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1456","article-title":"Addressing Africa\u2019s pandemic puzzle: Perspectives on COVID-19 transmission and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"102","author":"Musa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31093-X","article-title":"Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics","volume":"395","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiger, D., Harborth, L., and Mugyisha, A. (2020). Managing enduring public health emergencies such as COVID-19: Lessons from Uganda Red Cross Society\u2019s Ebola virus disease response operation. BMJ Lead., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2020-000243"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12275","article-title":"Lessons from the Ebola epidemics and their applications for COVID-19 pandemic response in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"21","author":"Afolabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. World Bioeth."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Tasamba, J. (2022, July 20). Rwanda Uses Ebola Experience to Combat COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/rwanda-uses-ebola-experience-to-combat-covid-19\/1813902."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Africa Renewal: WHO (2022, July 10). How the Lessons from Ebola Are Helping Africa\u2019s COVID-19 Response. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/who-how-lessons-ebola-are-helping-africa%E2%80%99s-covid-19-response."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16070.2","article-title":"Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of early career African scientists","volume":"5","author":"Umviligihozo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., Cloete, A., Davids, A., Makola, L., Zondi, N., and Jantjies, M. (2020). Myths, misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to COVID-19 in South Africa: A rapid qualitative assessment. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244420"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesfaw, A., Arage, G., Teshome, F., Taklual, W., Seid, T., Belay, E., and Mehiret, G. (2021). Community risk perception and barriers for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in Northwest Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257897"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.63.23986","article-title":"Knowledge and preventive practice to COVID-19 among household heads in Enugu metropolis South-East Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Nwonwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"85","article-title":"Community perspectives on the COVID-19 response, Zimbabwe","volume":"99","author":"Chingono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-20-00272","article-title":"Prevention of COVID-19 in Internally Displaced Persons Camps in War-Torn North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"8","author":"Claude","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeya, S.G., Barkesa, S.B., Sadi, C.G., Gemeda, D.D., Muleta, F.Y., Tolera, A.F., Ayana, D.N., Mohammed, S.A., Wako, E.B., and Hurisa, M.B. (2021). Adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and associated factors in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257373"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10256-3","article-title":"Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: A phenomenological study","volume":"21","author":"Mersha","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2020.1806985","article-title":"COVID-19 in Nigeria: Knowledge and compliance with preventive measures","volume":"35","author":"Chukwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Work Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-21-00031","article-title":"Real-Time Tracking of COVID-19 Rumors Using Community-Based Methods in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"9","author":"Tibbels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1828987","article-title":"Political distrust and the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Ezeibe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamene, A. (2021). What it takes to save lives: An assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities in temporary COVID-19 isolation and treatment centers of Southern Ethiopia: A mixed-methods evaluation. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256086"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 12). WHO COVID-19 Dashboard: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/region\/afro\/country\/cd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12513","article-title":"Crisis responses, opportunity, and public authority during COVID-19\u2019s first wave in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan","volume":"45","author":"Kirk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditekemena, J.D., Nkamba, D.M., Muhindo, H.M., Siewe, J.N.F., Luhata, C., Bergh, R.V.D., Kitoto, A.T., Van Damme, W., Muyembe, J.J., and Colebunders, R. (2021). Factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Results of an online survey. BMJ Open, 11.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043356"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, September 18). Minist\u00e8re du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en \u0153uvre de la R\u00e9volution de la Modernit\u00e9\/Congo MdlSPC, ICF International: R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 (EDS-RDC) 2013\u20132014. Available online: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR300\/FR300.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, C.M., Endres, K., Sanvura, P., Williams, C., Boroto, R., Lunyelunye, C., Bisimwa, J.C., Timsifu, J., Munyerenkana, B., and Bengehya, J. (2022). Methods to Evaluate COVID-19 Preventive Hygiene Programs: Observed Mask Wearing, Handwashing, and Physical Distancing Behaviors in Public Indoor Spaces in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., in press.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0214"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, July 13). CMR COVID-19 RDC: COVID-19\/Bulletin n\u00b0 514 Vendredi, le 20 ao\u00fbt 2021. Available online: https:\/\/us3.campaign-archive.com\/?u=b34a30571d429859fb249533d&id=e9ca0fd896."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, June 14). Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du RDC: Directives prises par le Gouvernement. Available online: https:\/\/www.stopcoronavirusrdc.info\/directives-prises-par-le-gouvernement."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ulengabo, B. (2022, June 22). Exp\u00e9rience D\u2019apprentissage en Direct: Au-del\u00e0 de la R\u00e9ponse Imm\u00e9diate \u00e0 la Pand\u00e9mie. COVID-19 et des Villes Plus S\u00fbres. In R\u00e9inventer la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Publique Face Aux In\u00e9galit\u00e9s Historiques et \u00e0la Crise \u00c9mergente des Villes. Available online: https:\/\/www.uclg.org\/sites\/default\/files\/bukavu_city_presentation-final_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ross, A., Holland, H., and Richardson, A. (2022, July 14). Congo Begins COVID-19 Vaccinations after Delay over Safety Concerns. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/congo-begins-covid-19-vaccinations-after-delay-over-safety-concerns-2021-04-19\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0256","article-title":"Recommendations for the COVID-19 Response at the National Level Based on Lessons Learned from the Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"103","author":"Mobula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0642","article-title":"Responding to the Challenge of the Dual COVID-19 and Ebola Epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo\u2014Priorities for Achieving Control","volume":"103","author":"Nachega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1169","article-title":"COVID-19: The Current Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"103","author":"Juma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-00961-w","article-title":"COVID-19 Awareness, Adoption of COVID-19 Preventive Measures, and Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown Among Adolescent Boys and Young Men in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"46","author":"Matovu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30063-5","article-title":"Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018\u201319 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: A population-based survey","volume":"19","author":"Vinck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.24514","article-title":"Public Health Messaging in an Era of Social Media","volume":"325","author":"Merchant","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., and Liu, S. (2020). Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240005"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1533","article-title":"Importance of Community-Level Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"105","author":"Owoyemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0195","article-title":"Using Community Feedback to Guide the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Red Cross and Red Crescent Approach and Lessons Learned from Ebola","volume":"19","author":"Erlach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwema, F., and Nyika, J. (2020). Challenges in facemasks use and potential solutions: The case study of Kenya. Sci. Afr., 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00563"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditekemena, J.D., Nkamba, D.M., Mutwadi, A., Mavoko, H.M., Siewe Fodjo, J.N., Luhata, C., Obimpeh, M., Van Hees, S., Nachega, J.B., and Colebunders, R. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020153"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"25","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine equity: A health systems and policy perspective","volume":"21","author":"Widdowson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2879","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2879","article-title":"Lessons from Ebola as DRC grapples with conflict, measles, and COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Adepoju","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.049","article-title":"Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future","volume":"93","author":"Kapata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S264286","article-title":"The Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Semo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abimbola, S., Asthana, S., Montenegro, C., Guinto, R.R., Jumbam, D.T., Louskieter, L., Kabubei, K.M., Munshi, S., Muraya, K., and Okumu, F. (2021). Addressing power asymmetries in global health: Imperatives in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003604"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilmarx, P.H., and Glass, R.I. (2021). Building global health research capacity to address research imperatives following the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003753"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00399-y","article-title":"COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts on vulnerable populations and sustaining home-grown solutions","volume":"111","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.21248\/gjn.13.02.257","article-title":"COVID-19 heightens the imperative to decolonize global health research","volume":"13","author":"Atuire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Justice Theory Pract. Rhetor."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","article-title":"Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: A mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148789","article-title":"COVID-19 water, sanitation, and hygiene response: Review of measures and initiatives adopted by governments, regulators, utilities, and other stakeholders in 84 countries","volume":"795","author":"Delepiere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1535-8807","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for an Integrated and Equitable Approach: An International Expert Consensus Paper","volume":"121","author":"Gerotziafas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01063-2","article-title":"Integrated vaccination and physical distancing interventions to prevent future COVID-19 waves in Chinese cities","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.009","article-title":"Integrated control of COVID-19 in resource-poor countries","volume":"101","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00075-x","article-title":"Modelling the impact of vaccine hesitancy in prolonging the need for Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to control the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Mesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1280","article-title":"he challenges to a successful COVID-19 vaccination programme in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ayenigbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.203870","article-title":"Considerations for Establishing Successful Coronavirus Disease Vaccination Programs in Africa","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e746","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00097-8","article-title":"Addressing challenges to rolling out COVID-19 vaccines in African countries","volume":"9","author":"Nachega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ii, Y.B., Ouattara, A., Torreele, E., and Okonta, C. (2021). How to ensure a needs-driven and community-centred vaccination strategy for COVID-19 in Africa. BMJ Glob. Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005306"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:05Z","timestamp":1760144165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/20\/13424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192013424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}