{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:40:01Z","timestamp":1791052801855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["6R49CE002109-05-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6R49CE002109-05-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loneliness is a significant risk factor for substance use, however, impacts of treatments on loneliness are relatively unexplored. Living in a rural location is a greater risk factor for loneliness. This study examined data from a quasi-experimental study in rural Appalachia, comparing the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) among adults receiving MOUD in outpatient therapy. Our objective was to determine whether observed reductions in self-reported craving, anxiety, depression, and increased perceived mindfulness would also improve loneliness reports. Eighty participants (n = 35 MBRP; n = 45 TAU) were included in the analysis from a group-based Comprehensive Opioid Addiction Treatment program. Outcomes tracked included craving, anxiety, depression, mindfulness, and loneliness as measured by the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA). A linear mixed model ANOVA determined the significance of the treatments on changes in loneliness scores at baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks post-recruitment. Both groups reported significantly reduced loneliness over the course of the study (F = 16.07, p &lt; 0.01), however there were no significant differences between groups. Loneliness was also significantly positively (p &lt; 0.01) correlated with anxiety (0.66), depression (0.59), and craving (0.38), and significantly (p &lt; 0.01) inversely correlated (\u22120.52) with mindfulness. Results suggest that participation in MOUD group-based outpatient therapy has the potential to diminish loneliness and associated poor psychological outcomes. Thus, it is possible that a more targeted intervention for loneliness would further diminish loneliness, which is important as loneliness is linked to risk for relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"13481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing Loneliness among Adults Receiving Outpatient Treatment with Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalina","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith J.","family":"Zullig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6965-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Theeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Lander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerry R.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnathan","family":"Herczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Management, & Leadership, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions\u2014III","volume":"73","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2625","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2625","article-title":"Multiple DSM-5 substance use disorders: A national study of US adults","volume":"32","author":"McCabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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