{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:39:48Z","timestamp":1787791188136,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Investigador actiu Program from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)","award":["2021-10-837-AUGUET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-10-837-AUGUET"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the predominant cause of chronic liver injury; however, the mechanisms underlying its progression have not been fully elucidated. Pathophysiological studies have stated that NAFLD is significantly influenced by dietary and environmental factors that could participate in the development of NAFLD through different mechanisms. Currently, \u201cplastic pollution\u201d is one of the most challenging environmental problems worldwide since several plastics have potential toxic or endocrine disputing properties. Specifically, the intake of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in water or diet and\/or the inhalation from suspended particles is well established, and these particles have been found in human samples. Laboratory animals exposed to MPs develop inflammation, immunological responses, endocrine disruptions, and alterations in lipid and energy metabolism, among other disorders. MPs additives also demonstrated adverse reactions. There is evidence that MPs and their additives are potential \u201cobesogens\u201d and could participate in NAFLD pathogenesis by modifying gut microbiota composition or even worsen liver fibrosis. Although human exposure to MPs seems clear, their relationship with NAFLD requires further study, since its prevention could be a possible personalized therapeutic strategy. Adequate mitigation strategies worldwide, reducing environmental pollution and human exposure levels of MPs, could reduce the risk of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"13495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Are Ingested or Inhaled Microplastics Involved in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Auguet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)\u2014Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Mallafr\u00e9 Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9052-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Bertran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)\u2014Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Barrientos-Riosalido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)\u2014Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Fabregat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Mallafr\u00e9 Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Mallafr\u00e9 Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)\u2014Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e0tima","family":"Sabench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)\u2014Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, URV, IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kershaw, P.J., and Rochman, C.M. 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