{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:42:05Z","timestamp":1791895325634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful external agents. However, technological advancement has dramatically increased the production of nanometer-sized particles or nanoparticles (NPs), and many epidemiological studies have confirmed a correlation between NP exposure and the onset of cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Among the adverse effects on human health, in recent years, potential hazards of nanomaterials on female reproductive organs have received increasing concern. Several animal and human studies have shown that NPs can translocate to the ovary, uterus, and placenta, thus negatively impacting female reproductive potential and fetal health. However, NPs are increasingly being used for therapeutic purposes as tools capable of modifying the natural history of degenerative diseases. Here we briefly summarize the toxic effects of few but widely diffused NPs on female fertility and also the use of nanotechnologies as a new molecular approach for either specific pathological conditions, such as ovarian cancer and infertility, or the cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T02:31:03Z","timestamp":1666578663000},"page":"13748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Female Reproductive System: Risks and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Colafarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Cecconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M. G.","family":"Poma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks) (2010). Scientific Basis for the Definition of the Term \u201cNanomaterial\u201d, European Union. Pre-consultation opinion."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, June 23). Regulation (EC) No. 1223\/2009, Art. 2(1). Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/growth\/sectors\/cosmetics\/cosmetic-products-specific-topics\/nanomaterials_en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, N., Guterres, S., and Alves, O. (2014). Nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology. Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8993-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700022009648","article-title":"Evolution of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic\/Dynamic Correlations during the 20th Century","volume":"40","author":"Hochhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.98","article-title":"Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: History, sources, toxicity and regulations","volume":"9","author":"Jeevanandam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D01303","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005073","article-title":"Microscopy and mineralogy of airborne particles collected during severe dust storm episodes in Beijing, China","volume":"110","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.176.3.157","article-title":"Wildland forest fire smoke: Health effects and intervention evaluation, Hoopa, California, 1999","volume":"176","author":"Mott","year":"2002","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001851","article-title":"Health effects following the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic eruption: A cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Carlsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2010.00231.x","article-title":"Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review","volume":"5","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190170","article-title":"Overview of Sources and Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Urban Traffic-Influenced Areas","volume":"72","author":"Timonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MR17","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2815690","article-title":"Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Buzea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poma, A., Vecchiotti, G., Colafarina, S., Zarivi, O., Arrizza, L., Di Carlo, P., and Di Cola, A. (2019). Exposure to particle debris generated from passenger and truck tires induces different genotoxicity and inflammatory responses in the RAW 264.7 cell line. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222044"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700018z","article-title":"Wear Particles Generated from Studded Tires and Pavement Induces Inflammatory Reactions in Mouse Macrophage Cells","volume":"20","author":"Lindbom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.08.012","article-title":"Silicosis: An Update and Guide for Clinicians","volume":"41","author":"Krefft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2013.09.011","article-title":"Tobacco Smoking and Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"35","author":"Salvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.424","article-title":"Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke","volume":"12","author":"Fowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2013.06.001","article-title":"A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems","volume":"65","author":"Thorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110857","article-title":"Source, distribution and emerging threat of micro- and nanoplastics to marine organism and human health: Socio-economic impact and management strategies","volume":"195","author":"Mofijur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2307\/4083505","article-title":"Laysan Albatrosses Swallow Indigestible Matter","volume":"86","author":"Kenyon","year":"1969","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EM00207A","article-title":"Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment","volume":"17","author":"Gewert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05559","article-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant Transport","volume":"52","author":"Alimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.007","article-title":"Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health","volume":"115","author":"Carbery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.023","article-title":"Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21817","article-title":"Penetration of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in the skin: Fiction or reality?","volume":"99","author":"Baroli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8655","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03184","article-title":"Physical Principles of Nanoparticle Cellular Endocytosis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200700165","article-title":"Molecular Effects of Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles in HeLa Cells","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5712","DOI":"10.1039\/b709147h","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and intracellular uptake of carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800209u","article-title":"Enhanced Cell Uptake of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized with Dendritic Guanidines","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2020-0373","article-title":"Enhanced intraperitoneal delivery of charged, aerosolized curcumin nanoparticles by electrostatic precipitation","volume":"16","author":"Castagna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braeken, Y., Cheruku, S., Ethirajan, A., and Maes, W. (2017). Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10121420"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15309b","article-title":"Endocytosis at the nanoscale","volume":"41","author":"Canton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc10357a","article-title":"Size dependent macrophage responses and toxicological effects of Ag nanoparticles","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2000756","article-title":"Differential Uptake of Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoparticles by Human Macrophages and a Monocytic Cell Line","volume":"5","author":"Lunov","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15943","article-title":"Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics","volume":"33","author":"Alexis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12439","article-title":"A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide","volume":"35","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01706-6","article-title":"Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Exposure on Human Health\u2014A Review","volume":"193","author":"Szwajgier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2018.1553221","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles impacts: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124403","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through oxidative stress responses in human lung fibroblasts and Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"249","author":"Pomastowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.02.003","article-title":"Toxic metals contained in cosmetics: A status report","volume":"68","author":"Bocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.666968","article-title":"Liposomes in cosmeceutics","volume":"9","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1585426","article-title":"Nanotechnology for the development of new cosmetic formulations","volume":"16","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.007","article-title":"Microplastics in cosmetics: Environmental issues and needs for global bans","volume":"68","author":"Guerranti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103884","article-title":"Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects","volume":"110","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S298606","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology","volume":"16","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2020.100332","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its challenges in the food sector: A review","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00996-0","article-title":"Metal-based nanoparticles, sensors, and their multifaceted application in food packaging","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013219894202","article-title":"Low-density polyethylene films incorporated with silver nanoparticles to promote antimicrobial efficiency in food packaging","volume":"26","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901158","article-title":"Effect of surface properties on nanoparticle-cell interactions","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.042","article-title":"Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies\u2019 Environmental Committee, Part 1: The Damaging Effects of Air Pollution","volume":"155","author":"Chraufnagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00067-5","article-title":"Long-term exposure to wildfires and cancer incidence in Canada: A population-based observational cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Korsiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.03.013","article-title":"Nanostructured titanium oxide hybrids-based electrochemical biosensors for healthcare applications","volume":"178","author":"Shetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.103","article-title":"Metal-based nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment","volume":"2","author":"Schrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"European Commission (2022, October 08). European Green Deal: Commission Consults on Reducing the Release of Microplastics into the Envi-ronment. Available online: https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/news\/microplastics-public-consultation-2022-02-22_en."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2021). Outcome of the public consultation on the draft Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA Support. Publ., 18, 6804E.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6804"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2021). Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of titaniumdioxide for all animal species (Kronos International, Inc.). EFSA J., 19, e06630.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6630"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"European Commission (2022, October 08). Amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E 171). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0063."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2014). Guidance for Industry: Safety of Nanomaterials in Cosmetic Products (Standard No. FDA-2011-D-0489)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2020). OPINION on Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Used in Cosmetic Products that Lead to Exposure by Inhalation (Standard No. SCCS\/1617\/20)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c07237","article-title":"Nanoparticles Accumulate in the Female Reproductive System during Ovulation Affecting Cancer Treatment and Fertility","volume":"16","author":"Poley","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S170723","article-title":"Potential adverse effects of nanoparticles on the reproductive system","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.05.017","article-title":"Sublethal effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on male reproductive cells","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr009","article-title":"What does it take to make a developmentally competent mammalian egg?","volume":"17","author":"Zuccotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/es204168d","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products","volume":"46","author":"Weir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23200","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23200","article-title":"ROS-generating TiO2 nanoparticles for non-invasive sonodynamic therapy of cancer","volume":"6","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.822114","article-title":"Oral, short-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rat: Focus on reproductive and endocrine systems and spleen","volume":"8","author":"Tassinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.6.397","article-title":"Oral administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticle through ovarian tissue alterations impairs mice embryonic development","volume":"16","author":"Karimipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed. (IJRM)"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36558","article-title":"Suppression of ovarian follicle development by nano TiO2 is associated with TGF-\u03b2-mediated signaling pathways","volume":"107","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.08.049","article-title":"Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"243","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.06.002","article-title":"Ovarian toxicity of nanoparticles","volume":"103","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S151215","article-title":"Nanosized titanium dioxide-induced premature ovarian failure is associated with abnormalities in serum parameters in female mice","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Ze, Y., Gao, G., Sang, X., Li, B., Gui, S., Sheng, L., Sun, Q., Cheng, J., and Cheng, Z. (2013). Nanosized TiO2-Induced Reproductive System Dysfunction and Its Mechanism in Female Mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059378"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, S.-M., and Choi, S.-J. (2022). Food Additive Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Dissolution, Interaction, Fate, Cytotoxicity, and Oral Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116074"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Li, L., Min, L.-J., Zhu, L.-Q., Sun, Q.-Y., Zhang, H.-F., Liu, X.-Q., Zhang, W.-D., Ge, W., and Wang, J.-J. (2016). Regulation of MicroRNAs, and the Correlations of MicroRNAs and Their Targeted Genes by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Ovarian Granulosa Cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155865"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23060","article-title":"Reproductive organ dysfunction and gene expression after orally administration of ZnO nanoparticles in murine","volume":"36","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101539","article-title":"Exposure to Zinc oxide nanoparticles during pregnancy induces oocyte DNA damage and affects ovarian reserve of mouse offspring","volume":"10","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1008.2009.00869","article-title":"Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on development and maturation of rat preantral follicle in vitro","volume":"29","author":"Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. J. Second Mil. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00424-z","article-title":"Silica encapsulation of ZnO nanoparticles reduces their toxicity for cumulus cell-oocyte-complex expansion","volume":"18","author":"Camaioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.08.003","article-title":"Comparative effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles on growth and ultrastructure of ovarian antral follicles","volume":"96","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212799040411","article-title":"The Ovary Feels Fine when Paracrine and Autocrine Networks Cooperate with Gonadotropins in the Regulation of Folliculogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Canipari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.089","article-title":"Comparative study of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of titanium oxide and aluminium oxide nanoparticles in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells","volume":"177","author":"Reigosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246764","article-title":"The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00990","article-title":"Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles: A Novel Nanomaterial for Various Medical Applications and Biological Activities","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.20241","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles Enter Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells and Subcellular Organelles, and Alter In-Vitro Estrogen Accumulation","volume":"55","author":"Stelzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-02896-z","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles modulate the steroidogenic and apoptotic pathway in a buffalo granulosa cell model","volume":"42","author":"Lyngdoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN01463K","article-title":"Reprotoxicity of gold, silver, and gold\u2013silver alloy nanoparticles on mammalian gametes","volume":"139","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20728-z","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles have lethal and sublethal adverse effects on development and longevity by inducing ROS-mediated stress responses","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2011.05.002","article-title":"In vitro assessment of silver effect on porcine ovarian granulosa cells","volume":"25","author":"Kolesarova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1073396","article-title":"Male- and female-derived somatic and germ cell-specific toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dianov\u00e1, L., Tirp\u00e1k, F., Halo, M., Slanina, T., Mass\u00e1nyi, M., Stawarz, R., Formicki, G., Madeddu, R., and Mass\u00e1nyi, P. (2022). Effects of Selected Metal Nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, TiO2) on the Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080459"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.10.026","article-title":"Interactions between oocytes and cumulus cells during in vitro maturation of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes in a chemically defined medium: Effect of denuded oocytes on cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation","volume":"83","author":"Appeltant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.41","article-title":"Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice","volume":"6","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.780108","article-title":"Combined repeated-dose toxicity study of silver nanoparticles with the reproduction\/developmental toxicity screening test","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400801921320","article-title":"Epidemiologic Evidence of Relationships Between Reproductive and Child Health Outcomes and Environmental Chemical Contaminants","volume":"11","author":"Wigle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109799","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19087","article-title":"Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: How do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2017.1384005","article-title":"Effects of silica nanoparticles on isolated rat uterine smooth muscle","volume":"41","author":"Yaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.40.263","article-title":"Induced adverse effects of prenatal exposure to silver nanoparticles on neurobehavioral development of offspring of mice","volume":"40","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00359-x","article-title":"Recent insights on indirect mechanisms in developmental toxicity of nanomaterials","volume":"17","author":"Dugershaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.12.021","article-title":"Genotoxic and cell-transformation effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) following in vitro sub-chronic exposures","volume":"306","author":"Vales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, N., Guterres, S., and Alves, O. (2014). Cellular Mechanisms in Nanomaterial Internalization, Intracellular Trafficking, and Toxicity. Nanotoxicology. Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8993-1"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21613","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121613","article-title":"Ultrastructural Interactions and Genotoxicity Assay of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Oocytes","volume":"14","author":"Courbiere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Garraus, A., Azqueta, A., Vettorazzi, A., and de Cerain, A.L. (2020). Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020251"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0356-z","article-title":"Nanoparticles promote in vivo breast cancer cell intravasation and extravasation by inducing endothelial leakiness","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.04.017","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of a vitrified donor oocyte programme: A single UK centre experience","volume":"225","author":"Seshadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"45","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles improved survival rate of vitrified porcine oocytes and its mechanism","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"CryoLetters"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"401","article-title":"Effect of Nanoparticles on the Survival and Development of Vitrified Porcine GV Oocytes","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"CryoLetters"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.10.112","article-title":"Supplementing zinc oxide nanoparticles to cryopreservation medium minimizes the freeze-thaw-induced damage to spermatozoa","volume":"494","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2021.03.006","article-title":"Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles improve the vitrification of mouse immature oocytes and modulate the pluripotent genes expression in derived pronuclear-stage embryos","volume":"100","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01566-8","article-title":"Biomaterials and advanced technologies for the evaluation and treatment of ovarian aging","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaniowski, D., Ebenryter-Olbi\u0144ska, K., Kulik, K., Suwara, J., Cypryk, W., Jak\u00f3bik-Kolon, A., Le\u015bnikowski, Z., and Nawrot, B. (2021). Composites of Nucleic Acids and Boron Clusters (C2B10H12) as Functional Nanoparticles for Downregulation of EGFR Oncogene in Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094863"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR06550D","article-title":"Boron clusters as a platform for new materials: Composites of nucleic acids and oligofunctionalized carboranes (C2B10H12) and their assembly into functional nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kaniowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150207","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150207","article-title":"Applications of nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of cancer","volume":"88","author":"Baetke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0379","article-title":"Nanoparticle-siRNA: A potential strategy for ovarian cancer therapy?","volume":"14","author":"Aghamiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.084","article-title":"Lyophilisation and concentration of chitosan\/siRNA polyplexes: Influence of buffer composition, oligonucleotide sequence, and hyaluronic acid coating","volume":"512","author":"Veilleux","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.006","article-title":"Blocking Stemness and Metastatic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Targeting p70S6K with Dendrimer Nanovector-Based siRNA Delivery","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1021\/ja900591t","article-title":"Photoregulated Release of Caged Anticancer Drugs from Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"131","author":"Agasti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S29328","article-title":"Enhanced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells via nanocarrier-mediated codelivery of siRNA and doxorubicin","volume":"7","author":"Shuai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c01386","article-title":"Deconvoluting Lipid Nanoparticle Structure for Messenger RNA Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Eygeris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.06.023","article-title":"From influenza to COVID-19: Lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines at the frontiers of infectious diseases","volume":"131","author":"Pilkington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40290-021-00417-5","article-title":"Delivery Strategies for mRNA Vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/13748\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:00Z","timestamp":1760144460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/13748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192113748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192113748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]}}}