{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:14:47Z","timestamp":1788261287500,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migratory birds play an important role in the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne diseases due to their ability to carry ticks for long distances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and factors influencing the intensity of tick infestation in migratory birds. The study was conducted in a locality situated in the Vistula River valley, eastern Poland, during autumn, when the high migratory activity of birds is registered in the region. The birds were captured using ornithological nets and identified at the species level. In the next step, they were carefully inspected for attached ticks. Tick infestation was observed in 4.43% of the captured birds. The highest mean intensity of tick infestation was observed in birds foraging on the ground or in low shrubs and by long- and medium-distance migrants, i.e., Turdus merula (2.73), T. philomelos (2.04), and Erithacus rubecula (1.58). Ixodes ricinus was found to infest the birds most frequently. However, other tick species, i.e., I.\u00a0trianguliceps, I.\u00a0crenulatus (synonym I.\u00a0canisuga), and I. apronophorus, rarely found in eastern Poland, were also found parasitizing birds. The occurrence of I.\u00a0persulcatus, I. frontalis, and I.\u00a0acuminatus (synonym I.\u00a0redikorzevi) was confirmed in the region for the first time. The results of the study suggest that captured bird species are susceptible to tick infestation and could play an important role in the circulation of some tick-borne pathogens. They also play a significant role in the spread of ticks. The ecology and ethology of birds, including their foraging styles and migratory habits, are factors determining the risk of exposure of birds to tick attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"13781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tick Infestation in Migratory Birds of the Vistula River Valley, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Zaj\u0105c","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kulisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Kunc-Kozio\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0505-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Filipiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaliszany Ornithological Station, 24-340 Stare Kaliszany, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bartosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1675\/063.039.0410","article-title":"Low prevalence but high intensity of infestation by Amblyceran Lice in red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena) in Eastern Poland","volume":"39","author":"Kloskowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waterbirds"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1890\/06-0747","article-title":"Malaria and risk of predation: A comparative study of birds","volume":"88","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00222936008651044","article-title":"Helminth parasites of some British birds","volume":"3","author":"Pemberton","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. 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