{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:24:05Z","timestamp":1792805045807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["72061319CA00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72061319CA00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01n6e6j62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artisanal and small-scale mining is characterized by an excessive exposure to silica-containing dust, overcrowding, poor living conditions and limited access to primary health services. This poses a risk to tuberculosis, HIV infection and silicosis. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the burden of tuberculosis, HIV and silicosis among artisanal and small-scale miners. We conducted a cross sectional study on 3821 artisanal and small-scale miners. We found a high burden of silicosis (19%), tuberculosis (6.8%) and HIV (18%) in a relatively young population, with the mean age of 35.5 years. Men were 1.8 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to women, adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.02\u20132.74)]. Artisanal and small-scale miners who were living with HIV were 1.25 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to those who were negative, [aPR = 1.25 (1.00\u20131.57)]. The risk of silicosis increased with both duration as a miner and severity of exposure to silica dust. The risk of tuberculosis increased with the duration as a miner. Zimbabwe is currently experiencing a high burden of TB, silicosis and HIV among artisanal and small-scale miners. Multi-sectoral and innovative interventions are required to stem this triple epidemic in Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"13822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Triple Burden of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Silicosis among Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingani","family":"Moyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo 029, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Midlands State University, P Bag 9005, Gweru 054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Union Zimbabwe Trust, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fungai","family":"Kavenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Chikwava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawanda","family":"Mapuranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Union Zimbabwe Trust, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Chiboyiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit, Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chipo","family":"Chimunhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jointed Hands Welfare Organization, Gweru 054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Mudzingwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospice and Palliative Care Association of Zimbabwe, Harare 054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orippa","family":"Muzvidziwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petronella","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariro Christwish","family":"Mando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit, Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blessings","family":"Chigaraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellen","family":"Masvingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baines Occupational Health Services, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0997-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Timire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare 024, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2022, September 02). 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