{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T01:21:37Z","timestamp":1774401697008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81900841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515011181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["81900841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900841"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515011181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal retinal hemorrhage (RH) is the most common ocular fundus disease among newborns. Early detection and timely intervention are vital for reducing the risk of visual impairment caused by RH. However, little is known about the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of RH in southern China. Full-term infants born in Qingyuan City during the first 10 days of each month in 2021 were included in this study. All infants underwent RetCam III retinal examinations. Detailed information on retinal hemorrhage, including involved eyes, bleeding severity, and affected area (extrafoveal macula, fovea, or optic disc), and clinical information on the neonates and their mothers was collected. The results showed that among the 1072 eligible neonates, 266 (24.8%) had neonatal retinal hemorrhage. Consistent bilateral retinal hemorrhage severity was observed in 83.2% of the cases. The prevalence of optic disc involved RH, extrafoveal macular involved RH and foveal involved RH were 23.7%, 81.2% and 2.63%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower birth weight (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40\u20130.99; p &lt; 0.05) and vaginal delivery (OR, 20.6; 95% CI, 9.10\u201346.5; p &lt; 0.001) were risk factors of neonatal RH. The area under the ROC curve of vaginal delivery, combined with birth weight, as predictors of neonatal RH was 0.73, with 85.3% sensitivity and 23.9% specificity. The birth weight cutoff was 3460 g. Our results suggested that neonatal RH is common in full-term neonates in southern China. It usually has the same severity in both eyes and mostly involves the extrafoveal macular region. Vaginal delivery and low birth weight are risk factors for neonatal RH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1666778377000},"page":"13927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors of Retinal Hemorrhage among Full-Term Neonates in Southern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People\u2019s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongsheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People\u2019s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiansu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People\u2019s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People\u2019s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People\u2019s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91824-9","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages in the newborn","volume":"49","author":"Giles","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. 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