{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:14:20Z","timestamp":1788272060958,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund under the Operational Program Knowledge Education Development 2014\u20132020"},{"name":"a part of the project entitled \u201cStudents in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: a study comparing the severity of emotional disorders, ways of coping with stress, changes in lifestyle, and attitudes towards the epidemic situation among Polish and foreign students\u201d, carried out as part of the non-competition project \u201cNajlepsi z najlepszych! 4.0\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being reported to be safe and effective, the unwillingness to vaccinate and doubts are still common. The aim of this international study was to assess the major reasons for the unwillingness to vaccinate in a group of students from Poland (n = 1202), Bangladesh (n = 1586), India (n = 484), Mexico (n = 234), Egypt (n = 566), Philippines (n = 2076), Pakistan (n = 506), Vietnam (n = 98) and China (n = 503). We conducted an online cross-sectional study that aimed to assess (1) the percentage of vaccinated and unvaccinated students and (2) the reasons associated with willingness\/unwillingness to the vaccine. The study included 7255 respondents from 9 countries with a mean age of 21.85 \u00b1 3.66 years. Only 22.11% (n = 1604) of students were vaccinated. However, the majority (69.25%, n = 5025) expressed a willingness to be vaccinated. More willing to vaccinate were students in informal relationships who worked mentally, used psychological\/psychiatric services before the pandemic, and studied medicine. There are cultural differences regarding the reasons associated with the unwillingness to vaccinate, but some \u2018universal\u2019 might be distinguished that apply to the whole group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"14012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate\u2014Reasons of Willingness and Reluctance of Students against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination\u2014An International Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Sitarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Forma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1493-8502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Karaku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Juchnowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Bogucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Rog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherica A.","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina T.","family":"Ly-Uson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Tajuddin","family":"Sikder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Hashem","family":"El-Monshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt"},{"name":"Nursing Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Loutfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, 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University, Saharah-e-Ghalib, Clifton, Karachi 75600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anqing Normal 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Phuong","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duy Tan University, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Karaku\u0142a-Juchnowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1999). 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