{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:37:27Z","timestamp":1792118247990,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, the Republic of Serbia","award":["III 41020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III 41020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Students are particularly vulnerable from the mental health aspect, which was especially recognized during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to reveal the impact of COVID-19 on quality of life (QoL) and mental health among dental students. The study was conducted on a sample of 797 students (207 male and 592 female) with an average age of 21.7 \u00b1 2.4, from the School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade. The measurements used in the study were the Demographic and Academic Questionnaire, Questionnaire about exposure to COVID-19, COVID-19-Impact on QoL Questionnaire (COV19-QoL), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The mean total score for COV19-QoL was 2.9 \u00b1 0.9, while the diagnostic criteria of GAD-7 and depression met 19.9% and 31.4% of students, respectively. There was a positive and strong correlation between QoL, anxiety, and depression. During COVID-19, predictors for lower perceptions of QoL were female gender and death of close relatives (p = 0.049, p = 0.005, respectively). At the same time, predictors for GAD were female gender, living in dormitories, and death of close relatives (p = 0.019, p = 0.011, p = 0.028, respectively), while for depression they were year of study, living with parents, and death of close relatives due to COVID-19 (p = 0.012, p = 0.008, p = 0.029, respectively). The study showed that students\u2019 QoL and mental health during the pandemic were at high risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:57:34Z","timestamp":1667105854000},"page":"14061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mental Health and Quality of Life among Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Milo\u0161evi\u0107 Markovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan B.","family":"Latas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sr\u0111an","family":"Milovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja Toti\u0107","family":"Poznanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161 M.","family":"Lazarevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica Jak\u0161i\u0107","family":"Kari\u0161ik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Mandini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, August 12). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020915212","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health","volume":"66","author":"Torales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113076","article-title":"Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population","volume":"289","author":"Voitsidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Lei, S.M., Le, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Yao, W., Gao, Z., and Cheng, S. (2020). Bidirectional Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns on Health Behaviors and Quality of Life among Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155575"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565153","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.565153","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Well-Being and Quality of Life of the Vietnamese During the National Social Distancing","volume":"11","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"The Government of the Republic of Serbia (2022, August 12). Measures of the State of Emergency, Available online: https:\/\/www.srbija.gov.rs\/vest\/en\/151422\/measures-of-the-state-of-emergency.php."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1384844","article-title":"Perceived sources and levels of stress, general self-efficacy and coping strategies in preclinical dental students","volume":"23","author":"Ersan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature","volume":"52","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.027","article-title":"Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Troyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.004","article-title":"COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic","volume":"136","author":"Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Ma, Z.F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072381"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000362","article-title":"WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders","volume":"127","author":"Auerbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmer, T., Mepham, K., and Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students\u2019 social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ua6tq"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"9","article-title":"United States Dental Health Care Workers\u2019 Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"96","author":"Eldridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15337","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015337","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health problems among medical students in China","volume":"98","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12350","article-title":"Perceived sources of stress amongst dental students: A multicountry study","volume":"22","author":"Alhajj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2021.75.221-228","article-title":"Increased Frequency of Health Anxiety in Health Science Students: A Cross Sectional Study in a Greek University","volume":"75","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.163227","article-title":"The prevalence and consequences of burnout on a group of preclinical dental students","volume":"9","author":"Atalayin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791352","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.791352","article-title":"Online, Face-to-Face, or Blended Learning? Faculty and Medical Students\u2019 Perceptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study","volume":"9","author":"Atwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u015fa\u011fao\u011flu Demirekin, Z., and Buyukcavus, M.H. (2022). Effect of distance learning on the quality of life, anxiety and stress levels of dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med. Educ., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03382-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12402","article-title":"COVID-19 and dental clinical practice: Students and clinical staff perceptions of health risks and educational impact","volume":"85","author":"Loch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f8set, I.H., L\u00e6greid, T., and Rodakowska, E. (2022). Dental Students\u2019 Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional Study from Norway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053102"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"247","article-title":"Quality of life in dentistry students in the Pandemic of COVID-19: A multicentric study","volume":"14","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saud. Pesq."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santabarbara, J., Idoiaga, N., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., and Bueno-Notivol, J. (2021). Prevalence of Anxiety in Dental Students during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010978"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santab\u00e1rbara, J., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga, N., Olaya, B., and Bueno-Novitol, J. (2021). Meta-Analysis of Prevalence of Depression in Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57111278"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_828_20","article-title":"COVID-19-Related Anxiety among Dental Students in Two Dental Schools in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alrowaily","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12597","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on dental students: A multi-institutional survey","volume":"85","author":"Klaassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolak, V., Pavlovic, M., Aleksic, E., Biocanin, V., Gajic, M., Nikitovic, A., Lalovic, M., Melih, I., and Pesic, D. (2022). Probable Bruxism and Psychological Issues among Dental Students in Serbia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137729"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114183","article-title":"A systematic review of questionnaires assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19","volume":"305","author":"Voitsidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5937\/engrami1902068R","article-title":"The validation of the Serbian version of the general anxiety disorder scale (GAD7): A pilot study","volume":"41","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engrami"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l794","article-title":"Depression in primary care: Part 1-screening and diagnosis","volume":"365","author":"Ferenchick","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, I., Ochnik, D., and \u00c7\u0131nar, O. (2020). Exploring Perceived Stress among Students in Turkey during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238961"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.52095\/gpa.2020.1377","article-title":"How to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life: COV19-QoL, the development, reliability and validity of a new scale","volume":"3","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Psychiatry Arch."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200407","article-title":"Public Mental Health Crisis during COVID-19 Pandemic, China","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, M.R., Agho, K.E., Stevens, G.J., and Raphael, B. (2008). Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epidemic: Data from Australia\u2019s first outbreak of equine influenza. BMC Public. Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-347"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., and Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000522625","article-title":"Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms among University of Belgrade Students during the July\u2013September 2021 Pandemic Wave: Implications for Vaccination","volume":"31","author":"Paunic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Matos, D.G., Aidar, F.J., Almeida-Neto, P.F.d., Moreira, O.C., Souza, R.F.d., Mar\u00e7al, A.C., Marcucci-Barbosa, L.S., Martins J\u00fanior, F.d.A., Lobo, L.F., and dos Santos, J.L. (2020). The Impact of Measures Recommended by the Government to Limit the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Physical Activity Levels, Quality of Life, and Mental Health of Brazilians. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219072"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113111","article-title":"University students\u2019 mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece","volume":"290","author":"Kaparounaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000000969","article-title":"Quality of Life, Resilience, and Related Factors of Nursing Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Keener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048446","article-title":"Quality of life and associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Mansor","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2018-0116","article-title":"Predictors of quality of life in Brazilian medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Solis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meira, T.M., Ronsani, M.M., Ign\u00e1cio, S.A., Miyoshi, C.S., Pithon, M.M., and Tanaka, O.M. (2022). Predictors of perceived stress and quality of life amongst dental master and doctoral students. Eur. J. Dent. Educ.","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12771"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01829-2","article-title":"Examination of the psychometric properties of the persian version of the COVID-19-impact on Quality of Life Scale","volume":"19","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S266511","article-title":"Examining Anxiety, Life Satisfaction, General Health, Stress and Coping Styles During COVID-19 Pandemic in Polish Sample of University Students","volume":"13","author":"Rogowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30833-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and transmission risk factors among high-risk close contacts: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051","article-title":"Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender","volume":"66","author":"Bayrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01674-y","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and health-related quality of life among university students in Turkey","volume":"41","author":"Cam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.02.059","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a cross-sectional survey","volume":"137","author":"Turna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01442-8","article-title":"The mental health crises of the families of COVID-19 victims: A qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587374","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.587374","article-title":"Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Carriers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Syangtan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:55Z","timestamp":1760144695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192114061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}