{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:38:05Z","timestamp":1762072685502,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meat of horses may be infested with nematodes of the genus Trichinella spp. and can cause serious disease in humans. Rules for the carcasses sampling of species susceptible to Trichinella spp. infection and examination are laid down in Commission Regulation 1375\/2015, where the magnetic stirrer method for pooled-sample digestion is recommended (Commission Regulation 1478\/2020). All personnel involved in the examination should be properly trained and participate in quality control programs. Proficiency tests (PTs) play a key role in the quality verification process. This paper presents the results of PTs organized for 68 Polish laboratories in 2014\u20132019. Results were assessed qualitatively at three levels of sample contamination (0, 3, 5 larvae) and quantitatively at one level (5 larvae). The laboratories have achieved the average correct qualitative results 100%, 96.2% and 96.8% for the samples contaminated with 0, 3 and 5 larvae, respectively. In the quantitative evaluation, an average 94.1% of the reported results were correct. The data from PTs enabled us to define, for the first time, validation parameters of the digestion method for the horse meat matrix in a large-scale experiment including: specificity (100%), sensitivity (95.6%), accuracy (97.1%), the limit of detection (LOD) (1.14 \u2248 1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) (3.42 \u2248 3).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1667445081000},"page":"14356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validation Parameters of the Magnetic Stirrer Method for Pooled Sample Digestion for Trichinella spp. in Horse Meat Based on Proficiency Tests Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8125-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"R\u00f3\u017cycki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Science, ul. Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Korpysa-Dzirba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Be\u0142cik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Bilska-Zaj\u0105c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Gontarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kochanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Samorek-Pier\u00f3g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5830-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Karamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Rubiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Cencek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00354-X","article-title":"International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption","volume":"93","author":"Gamble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-19-00011","article-title":"Herbivores as accidental hosts for Trichinella: Search for evidence of Trichinella infection and exposure in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) in a highly endemic setting","volume":"57","author":"Karssin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.11.005","article-title":"First case of Trichinella spiralis infection in beavers (Castor fiber) in Poland and Europe","volume":"11","author":"Rozycki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2007.1.1.70","article-title":"Nutritional characteristics of horsemeat in comparison with those of beef and pork","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000224","article-title":"Health risks associated with meat consumption: A Review of epidemiological studies","volume":"85","author":"Baumer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.05.006","article-title":"Horse-meat for human consumption\u2014Current research and future opportunities","volume":"108","author":"Belaunzaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanis\u0142awczyk, R., Rudy, M., and Rudy, S. (2021). The quality of horsemeat and selected methods of improving the properties of this raw material. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9091672"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"63","article-title":"Importance of breeding and management of cold-blooded horses in terms of their meat utilization","volume":"18","author":"Socik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"196","article-title":"Current situation and prospects for the horse meat market in Poland and the world","volume":"75","author":"Daszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Weter"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.11.1308","article-title":"A validated Trichinella digestion assay and an associated sampling and quality assurance system for use in testing pork and horse meat","volume":"62","author":"Forbes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931197","article-title":"Antigenic characteristics of two strains of Trichinella spiralis isolated during the horsemeat-related outbreaks of 1985 in France","volume":"75","author":"Bougnoux","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00427-7","article-title":"New patterns of Trichinella infection","volume":"98","author":"Pozio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"107","article-title":"Indagini su un\u2019epidemia di trichinellosi umana verificatasi in Italia","volume":"22","author":"Mantovani","year":"1980","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S263","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/200108s2263","article-title":"Horse trichinellosis, an unresolved puzzle","volume":"8","author":"Pozio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.058","article-title":"Trichinella spp. infection in horses of Romania: Serological and parasitological survey","volume":"159","author":"Blaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"381","article-title":"Remarks on horse trichinellosis in Poland","volume":"40","author":"Ramisz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994012099","article-title":"Recent news on trichinellosis: Another outbreak due to horsemeat consumption in France in 1993","volume":"1","author":"Ancelle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2018.06.001","article-title":"Detection of natural Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella spiralis infections in horses by routine post-slaughter food safety testing","volume":"11","author":"Scandrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the PrioCHECK Trichinella AAD Kit for the digestion and recovery of larvae in pork, horse meat and wild meat","volume":"243","author":"Konecsni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0546","article-title":"Trichinellosis, a Romanian never-ending story. An overview of traditions, culinary customs, and public health conditions","volume":"7","author":"Neghina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-43-203","article-title":"Persistence of Trichinella spiralis in rat carcasses experimentally mixed in different feed","volume":"43","author":"Oivanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of Trichinella infection in the horse: The risk from animal product feeding practices","volume":"123","author":"Murrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"35","article-title":"Role of rats and mice in transmitting Trichinella spiralis through their feces","volume":"44","author":"Olsen","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.01.013","article-title":"Trichinella britovi and Trichinella spiralis mixed infection in a horse from Poland","volume":"161","author":"Liciardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101642","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and horse meat, France","volume":"17","author":"Pomares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14934","article-title":"Renal replacement therapy during Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A retrospective observational study of 238 patients","volume":"176","author":"Papo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Commission (1977). Council Directive 77\/96\/EEC of 21 December 1976 on the examination for trichinae (Trichinella spiralis) upon importation from third countries of fresh meat derived from domestic swine. Off. J. L 026, 31, 67\u201377."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00041","article-title":"International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on post-harvest control of Trichinella in food animals","volume":"14","author":"Noeckler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.5.1038","article-title":"ISO 17025: Practical Benefits of Implementing a Quality System","volume":"86","author":"Honsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2015). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Meat by Artificial Digestion Method (Standard No. ISO 18743:2015)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, July 28). In Vitro\u2014Wykaz Test\u00f3w do Diagnostyki In Vitro, Available online: www.wetgiw.gov.pl\/nadzor-weterynaryjny\/diagnostyka-in-vitro."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, October 25). Wykaz zak\u0142ad\u00f3w Zatwierdzonych Zgodnie z Rozporz\u0105dzeniem (WE) nr 853\/2004, Available online: zywnosc.wetgiw.gov.pl\/spi\/zatw\/index.php?sekcja=2."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozycki, M., Korpysa-Dzirba, W., Belcik, A., Bilska-Zajac, E., Kochanowski, M., Karamon, J., Sroka, J., and Cencek, T. (2022). Validation of the magnetic stirrer method for the detection of Trichinella larvae in muscle samples based on proficiency tests results. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040525"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.009","article-title":"Proficiency testing to detect Trichinella larvae in meat in the European Union","volume":"231","author":"Marucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00059","article-title":"International Commission on Trichinelosis: Recommendations for quality assurance in digestion testing programs for Trichinella","volume":"16","author":"Gajadhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.3.558","article-title":"Complete validation of a unique digestion assay to detect Trichinella larvae in horse meat demonstrates the reliability of this assay for meeting food safety and trade requirements","volume":"71","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Method Validation\u2014Part 3: Protocol for the Verification of Reference Methods and Validated Alternative Methods in a Single Laboratory (Standard No. ISO 16140-3:2021)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2008). Uncertainty of Measurement\u2014Part 3: Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM:1995) (Standard No. ISO\/IEC GUIDE 98-3:2008)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"593","article-title":"Detectability of Trichinella spiralis in muscles by pooled-sample-digestion-method","volume":"70","author":"Prost","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fleischwirtschaft"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"195","article-title":"Guidelines for the detection of Trichinella larvae at the slaughterhouse in a quality assurance system","volume":"44","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.10.1396","article-title":"Proficiency samples for quality assurance in Trichinella digestion tests","volume":"61","author":"Forbes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"86","article-title":"German national proficiency testing for the detection of Trichinella in meat (2012)","volume":"93","author":"Reckinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fleischwirtschaft"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.031","article-title":"Trichinella detection: Identification and statistical evaluation of sources of error in the magnetic stirrer method for pooled sample digestion","volume":"194","author":"Riehn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"221","article-title":"Results of the proficiency tests for Austrian laboratories performing Trichinella digestion assays from 2008 to 2013","volume":"101","author":"Glawischnig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wien. Tierarztl. Mon."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"92","article-title":"German national proficiency testing for the detection of Trichinella in meat (2016)","volume":"98","author":"Johne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fleischwirtschaft"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3944-3","article-title":"Assessing laboratory performance in Trichinella ring trials","volume":"113","author":"Petroff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"312","article-title":"Results of proficiency testing (PT) for Trichinella in 2014","volume":"72","author":"Chmurzynska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Weter"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirone, M., Visciano, P., Aldo Olivastri, A.M., Sgalippa, M.P., and Paparella, A. (2019). Accreditation procedure for Trichinella spp. detection in slaughterhouses: The experience of an internal laboratory in Italy. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060195"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.03.011","article-title":"Parasite detection in food: Current status and future needs for validation","volume":"99","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:32Z","timestamp":1760144972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192114356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]}}}