{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:00:43Z","timestamp":1768809643558,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Health, Aarhus University","award":["19-B-0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-B-0075"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000724","name":"Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-B-0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-B-0075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal studies indicate deleterious effects of nitrate exposure on fecundity, but effects in humans are unknown, both for the prenatal and postnatal periods. We aimed to investigate if exposure to nitrate in maternal drinking water during the sensitive period of fetal life is associated with measures of fecundity in the adult sons. In a sub-analysis, the potential effects of nitrate exposure in adulthood were investigated. This cohort included 985 young adult men enrolled in The Fetal Programming of Semen Quality Cohort (FEPOS). Semen characteristics, testes volume and reproductive hormones were analyzed in relation to nitrate concentration in maternal drinking water, using a negative binomial regression model. The nitrate concentration in drinking water was obtained from monitoring data from Danish waterworks that were linked with the mothers\u2019 residential address during pregnancy. The median nitrate concentration in maternal drinking water was 2 mg\/L. At these low exposure levels, which are far below the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) guideline value of 50 mg\/L, we did not find indications of harmful effects of nitrate on the investigated measures of male fecundity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1667532490000},"page":"14428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nitrate in Maternal Drinking Water during Pregnancy and Measures of Male Fecundity in Adult Sons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1966-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pernille Jul","family":"Clemmensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1499-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nis","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Schullehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Gaml-S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Toft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra S\u00f8gaard","family":"T\u00f8ttenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninna Hinchely","family":"Ebdrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility Clinic, The Regional Hospital in Horsens, 8700 Horsens, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin S\u00f8rig","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2318-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitte","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University (CIRRAU), 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik Albert","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter Ellekilde","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3296-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia H\u00f8st","family":"Ramlau-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. 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