{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:00Z","timestamp":1790803560854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been found to have important roles in vascular pathology and may be involved in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. In this study, the serum levels of MMP-2, -7, -9 in normal pregnant women and pre-eclampsia patients were analyzed to assess their predictive value. Methods: A total of 1563 pregnant women from Peking University Third Hospital, from February 2021 to October 2021, were enrolled. Serum samples were collected from patients one to three times, during the different trimesters. Among the 102 singleton pre-eclampsia patients, we collected samples from 33 patients in the first trimester (6\u201313 GW), 33 in the second trimester (14\u201328 GW), 41 in the third trimester (29\u201341 GW) and 28 after onset of pre-eclampsia. Samples from each trimester were collected before the onset of pre-eclampsia. Then we selected 35, 37, 43 and 25 samples from 124 healthy pregnant women by matching their age, BMI and gestational weeks, using these as the control groups. Serum levels of MMP-2, -7, -9 were detected by ELISA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate their predictive value. Results: Except for the first trimester, MMP-2 and MMP-7 were significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia group (p &lt; 0.5). Additionally, in the pre-eclampsia group, MMP-9 increased significantly in the first trimester and after the onset of pre-eclampsia but decreased significantly in the second and third trimesters (p &lt; 0.5). The ROC curve indicated that MMP-9, MMP-2 and MMP-7 were the best indicators for predicting pre-eclampsia in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Conclusion: Increased MMP-2 and MMP-7 levels and a decreased MMP-9 level seem to be related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and are expected to be potential predictors of pre-eclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T07:00:42Z","timestamp":1667890842000},"page":"14500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2,-7,-9 in Serum during Pregnancy in Patients with Pre-Eclampsia: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ayibaota","family":"Bahabayi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital, Beijing 100033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunke","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68397-9","article-title":"WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: A systematic review","volume":"367","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"Research progress on pathogenesis and clinical treatment of preeclampsia","volume":"44","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. PLA Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espino, Y.S.S., Flores-Pliego, A., Espejel-Nu\u00f1ez, A., Medina-Bastidas, D., Vadillo-Ortega, F., Zaga-Clavellina, V., and Estrada-Gutierrez, G. (2017). New Insights into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071448"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2014.04.020","article-title":"The six stages of pre-eclampsia","volume":"4","author":"Redman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.021","article-title":"Placental stress and pre-eclampsia: A revised view","volume":"30","author":"Redman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.08.002","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral-Pacheco, G.A., Garza-Veloz, I., Castruita-De la Rosa, C., Ramirez-Acu\u00f1a, J.M., Perez-Romero, B.A., Guerrero-Rodriguez, J.F., Martinez-Avila, N., and Martinez-Fierro, M.L. (2020). The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249739"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.04.004","article-title":"Role of proteases in dysfunctional placental vascular remodelling in preeclampsia","volume":"1866","author":"Chiarello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H165","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00602.2019","article-title":"Decreased uterine vascularization and uterine arterial expansive remodeling with reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"318","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.04.001","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.03.004","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 as promising benefactors in development, plasticity and repair of the nervous system","volume":"105","author":"Verslegers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.12.002","article-title":"Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs","volume":"69","author":"Nagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26849","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) are differentially expressed in different regions of normal and preeclampsia placentae","volume":"119","author":"Sahay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erez, O., Romero, R., Maymon, E., Chaemsaithong, P., Done, B., Pacora, P., Panaitescu, B., Chaiworapongsa, T., Hassan, S.S., and Tarca, A.L. (2017). The prediction of late-onset preeclampsia: Results from a longitudinal proteomics study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181468"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-59","article-title":"Expression and importance of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) in human trophoblast invasion","volume":"2","author":"Goldman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2022.03.002","article-title":"First trimester serum matrix metalloproteinase-7 is a poor predictor of late-onset preeclampsia","volume":"28","author":"Ravn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.48095\/cccg2021228","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 as markers for the prediction of preeclampsia in the first trimester","volume":"86","author":"Timokhina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.09.003","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase -12: A marker of preeclampsia?","volume":"129","author":"Yakovleva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2020). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 222. Obstet. Gynecol., 135, 1492\u20131495.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003892"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1315","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00071.2020","article-title":"Preeclampsia beyond pregnancy: Long-term consequences for mother and child","volume":"318","author":"Turbeville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.2741\/2249","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: Control of vascular function and their potential role in preeclampsia","volume":"12","author":"Lalu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20295","article-title":"Evaluation of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and their inhibitors in physiologic and pre-eclamptic pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Montagnana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3670","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac392","article-title":"Home Blood Pressure for the Prediction of Preeclampsia in Women With Preexisting Diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831297","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.831297","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia: Correlation and Influencing Factors","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20160508","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160508","article-title":"Ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-2 to -9 is a more accurate predictive biomarker in women with suspected pre-eclampsia","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"90","article-title":"Expression of advanced glycation end products, its receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Evid.-Based Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"246","article-title":"Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, 9 and their inhibitors in patients with preeclampsia","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Med. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8369645","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8369645","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 Occupy a New Role in Severe Preeclampsia","volume":"2020","author":"Timokhina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolov, A., and Popovski, N. (2021). Role of Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy and Their Future Potential as Preeclampsia Biomarkers. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030480"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-200059836","article-title":"MMP-2 levels are elevated in the plasma of women who subsequently develop preeclampsia","volume":"24","author":"Myers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H687","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00374.2017","article-title":"Uncovering novel roles for matrix metalloproteinases in preeclampsia","volume":"313","author":"Foote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gar033","article-title":"Human decidua and invasive trophoblasts are rich sources of nearly all human matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"17","author":"Anacker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.06.006","article-title":"Oxygen delivery and fetal-placental growth: Beyond a question of supply and demand?","volume":"33","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14500\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:10:54Z","timestamp":1760145054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/21\/14500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192114500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114500","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]}}}