{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:17:43Z","timestamp":1781821063913,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gushinkai and the Foundation of Global Life Learning Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the efficacy of a brief (four 2-h sessions) group-based resilience-enhancement program focused on emotion regulation in Japan. Mothers (n = 123) of children aged 3\u20136 years were recruited in two prefectures and allocated with stratified randomization by the prefecture to either a bi-weekly intervention or treatment as usual. Mothers self-reported online at pre\/post-intervention and at 2-month follow-up. Analysis of covariance was used to compare groups. At post-intervention and 2-month follow-up, the intervention group mothers showed significant improvements compared to the control group in resilience (p &lt; 0.001\/p = 0.001), self-esteem (p = 0.008\/p = 0.001), anger control toward the child (p &lt; 0.001\/p = 0.012), and positive attribution toward the child\u2019s misbehavior (p &lt; 0.001\/p = 0.003). The partners of mothers in both groups answered the same questionnaire at the same timepoints without participating in either program; no differences between groups were found. This study was the first randomized controlled trial investigating how a resilience-enhancement program improves maternal resilience, emotion regulation, and cognition toward children and themselves. This preliminary study provides evidence that improving resilience may reduce the risk of child maltreatment. Further research regarding implementing this intervention in the community is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:32:01Z","timestamp":1668393121000},"page":"14953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Efficacy of a Resilience-Enhancement Program for Mothers Based on Emotion Regulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Tobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0694-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko","family":"Sakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba-shi 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6532-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Kamibeppu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Health and Welfare Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-1-26 Akasaka, Minato City 107-8402, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005812","article-title":"Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity","volume":"2","author":"Masten","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. 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