{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:40:50Z","timestamp":1791909650665,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The exposure patterns of respirable crystalline silica based on environmental records, as well as the link to different diseases, are not well described. Aims and objectives: In this study, we evaluated the risk for various diseases in relation to occupational silica exposure, including Silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), Autoimmune disorders (AIDs) and Renal diseases. Methods: We assessed the relationship between silica exposure and the rate of various diseases such as silicosis, pulmonary TB, AIDs and renal diseases in a cross-sectional study. We reviewed the medical records and exposure level of workers exposed to silica during the past two decades. Results: 261 workers were included in the study, total duration of exposure 15.6 years (\u00b1SD 8.74); 42.15% of them were employed in the artificial marble industry and 29.5% in manufacturing and construction industries. The average yearly silica exposure levels were 0.23 mg\/m3 (\u00b10.34). The average cumulative silica concentration was 3.59 mg\/m3\/y (\u00b14.80). We found 25 (9.58%) incident cases of silicosis, 10 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema (3.83%), six cases of several AIDs (2.30%), five cases of pulmonary TB (1.92%), three cases of renal diseases (1.15%), two cases of sarcoidosis (0.77%) and no lung cancer cases. When compared to studies with the same endpoint we found excess risk of silicosis (RR = 2.67\/0.13 = 20.5, 95% CI 9.85 to 42.86)), pulmonary TB (RR = 30.70, CI 3.43\u2013274.49, p = 0.002) and AIDs (RR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.27 to 6.48 p = 0.01). Conclusions: Silica exposure was a significant risk factor for silicosis, pulmonary TB and AIDs. Our findings are important given persistent worldwide silica-related epidemics in low and high-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T02:27:34Z","timestamp":1668565654000},"page":"15010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Occupational Silica Exposure and Dose\u2013Response for Related Disorders\u2014Silicosis, Pulmonary TB, AIDs and Renal Diseases: Results of a 15-Year Israeli Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Raanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Zack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Ruben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan","family":"Perluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"The Department of Occupational Medicine, Hashfela and Jerusalem District, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Rishon Letzion 7505001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Moshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"The Department of Occupational Medicine, Hashfela and Jerusalem District, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Rishon Letzion 7505001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.08.012","article-title":"Silicosis: An Update and Guide for Clinicians","volume":"41","author":"Krefft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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