{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:09:32Z","timestamp":1785780572116,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnant women usually have several risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and physiologic changes that make them susceptible to PONV development. We investigated the risk of PONV and postoperative vomiting (PV) in pregnant women in nondelivery surgery compared to nonpregnant women. This study included female adult patients who underwent nondelivery surgery at five hospitals between January 2011 and March 2021. To identify the association between pregnancy and PONV, logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for covariates. A total of 60,656 (nonpregnant women = 57,363 and pregnant women = 3293) complete patient outcomes and perioperative data were eligible for analysis. Although there was no significant association between pregnancy and PONV, the risk of PV in the pregnant women was 3.9-fold higher (95% confidence interval (95% CI), 3.06\u20134.97) than in the nonpregnant women. In addition, increased pregnancy duration increased the risk of PV (odds ratio (95% CI), 1.05 (1.01\u20131.09)) and preoperative nausea, and vomiting increased the risk of PONV (odds ratio (95% CI), 2.68 (1.30\u20135.54)) and PV (odds ratio (95% CI), 4.52 (2.36\u20138.69)). Pregnancy increased the risk of PV in female patients who underwent nondelivery surgery, and pregnancy duration and preoperative nausea and vomiting also were associated with PONV or PV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:12:20Z","timestamp":1668654740000},"page":"15132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of Pregnancy on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Female Patients Who Underwent Nondelivery Surgery: Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3818-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Suk","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Crowhurst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mks022","article-title":"Anaesthesia for non-obstetric procedures during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Nejdlova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contin. Educ. Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000930","article-title":"Trends and Predictors of Cerclage Use in the United States From 2005 to 2012","volume":"126","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199809000-00014","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"41","author":"Goodwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(95)02238-4","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum: Epidemiologic features, complications and outcome","volume":"63","author":"Bashiri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05157.x","article-title":"A risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in adults","volume":"42","author":"Apfel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"779","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: Its role in placental development","volume":"95","author":"Huxley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G741","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00412.2013","article-title":"Gastric and lower esophageal sphincter pressures during nausea: A study using visual motion-induced nausea and high-resolution manometry","volume":"306","author":"Schaub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, November 07). Women of Reproductive Age (15\u201349 Years) Population (Thousands). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/indicator-metadata-registry\/imr-details\/women-of-reproductive-age-(15-49-years)-population-(thousands)."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"Cd007575","article-title":"Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.234","article-title":"Comparison of predictive models for postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"88","author":"Apfel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199401000-00004","article-title":"The postoperative interview: Assessing risk factors for nausea and vomiting","volume":"78","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2011.03.009","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ideal Approach to Gastroesophageal Reflux in Pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Goral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mathews J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Guyton, A.H. (1991). Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology, Harcourt College Pub."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gillian Abir, B.C. (2022, November 07). Anesthesia for Nondelivery Obstetric Procedures. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/anesthesia-for-nondelivery-obstetric-procedures\/print."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(99)00018-0","article-title":"The perception of teratogenic risk by women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Mazzotta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037033","article-title":"Gastric pH and volume after oral fluids in the postpartum patient","volume":"40","author":"Lam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"505","article-title":"Noninvasive measurement of gastric emptying in obstetric patients","volume":"66","author":"Sutton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sviggum, H. (2022, August 10). Anesthesia for Nonobstetric Surgery during Pregnancy. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/anesthesia-for-nonobstetric-surgery-during-pregnancy."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2020.08.008","article-title":"A risk score for postoperative nausea and\/or vomiting in women undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine","volume":"44","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001427","article-title":"Factors associated with postoperative nausea or vomiting in parturients undergoing caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia with intrathecal morphine: A prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09096.x","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy at term and after delivery","volume":"44","author":"Vanner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1760145582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192215132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192215132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}