{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:47:35Z","timestamp":1792540055749,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of domestic violence intervention programs is to address perpetrator behavior. However, the suitability and effectiveness of these programs in confronting problematic behavior for ethnically diverse groups is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to cohesively examine whether such programs are effective in reducing recidivism, changing perpetrator behavior, and addressing mental health issues for culturally diverse groups. Several databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles that included culturally specific components or ethnically diverse cohorts in offender intervention programs. 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings demonstrate greater effectiveness of programs with greater cultural engagement: through culturally trained facilitators, addressing the cultural and patriarchal norms relevant to the specific client group, and discussion of gender roles and attitudes to gender equality specific to the cultural context. Such programs achieved some positive outcomes including: reduced recidivism, improved mental health, and better attitudes to gender equality. However, the findings are limited to a few ethnically diverse groups, and not all studies measured all outcomes listed above. This review suggests the development and implementation of suitable offender intervention programs that address perpetrator behavior and mental health in ethnically diverse client groups. When culturally relevant and effective programs are implemented, it could lead to men\u2019s modification of perpetrating behavior and create safer family relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:31:10Z","timestamp":1668742270000},"page":"15180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Effectiveness of Culturally Specific Male Domestic Violence Offender Intervention Programs on Behavior Changes and Mental Health: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lata","family":"Satyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6263-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlyn","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Louise","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Zark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 12). Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018: Global, Regional and National Prevalence Estimates for Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Global and Regional Prevalence Estimates for Non-Partner Sexual Violence against Women: Executive Summary. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240026681."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"Jansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"39","article-title":"Theorising men\u2019s violence towards women in refugee families: Towards an intersectional feminist framework","volume":"47","author":"Pease","year":"2008","journal-title":"Just Policy: A J. Aust. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shackelford, T.K. (2021). International and cross-cultural research on men\u2019s violence against female intimate partners. The SAGE Handbook of Domestic Violence, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529742343"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, July 07). Global Plan of Action: Health Systems Address Violence against Women and Girls. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/251664."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pence, E., Paymar, M., and Ritmeester, T. (1993). Education Groups for Men Who Batter: The Duluth Model, Springer Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826179913"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Murphy, C.M., and Eckhardt, C.I. (2005). Treating the Abusive Partner: An Individualized Cognitive-Behavioral Approach, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"79","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions in intimate partner violence: An overview","volume":"19","author":"Condino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Psychother. Psychopathol. Process Outcome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healy, K.M., Smith, C., and O\u2019Sullivan, C.S. (1998). Batterer Intervention: Program Approaches and Criminal Justice Strategies, DIANE Publishing.","DOI":"10.1037\/e509702006-001"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101337","article-title":"Improving approaches in psychotherapy and domestic violence interventions for perpetrators from marginalized ethnic groups","volume":"50","author":"Turhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.4.2.196","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Intervention Programs for Perpetrators and Victims of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"4","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Partn. Abus."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Young, J.E. (1999). Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach, Professional Resource Press\/Professional Resource Exchange."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279499005589","article-title":"A Research Evaluation of British Programmes for Violent Men","volume":"28","author":"Dobash","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2007.03.001","article-title":"Theoretical and research support for the Duluth Model: A reply to dutton and corvo","volume":"12","author":"Gondolf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2019.1685042","article-title":"Culturally-Differentiated Batterer Intervention Programs for Immigrant Male Batterers (IMB): An Integrative Review","volume":"30","author":"Emezue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-008-9217-0","article-title":"A Culturally Sensitive Intervention with Domestically Violent Latino Immigrant Men","volume":"24","author":"Hancock","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508314322","article-title":"Anger Disturbances Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"23","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0309-y","article-title":"Informing Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Efforts: Dyadic, Developmental, and Contextual Considerations","volume":"13","author":"Capaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70316-6","article-title":"Psychological Aspects of Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Their Relationships with the Victims","volume":"20","author":"Gortner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.476","article-title":"Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them","volume":"116","author":"Stuart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.04.015","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and related constructs as risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration","volume":"24","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2014.05.130247","article-title":"Characteristics of Men Who Perpetrate Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0302-68","article-title":"Scars That Won\u2019t Heal: The Neurobiology of Child Abuse","volume":"286","author":"Teicher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2002.07.001","article-title":"Does batterers\u2019 treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment","volume":"23","author":"Babcock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770801921246","article-title":"Toward Evidence-Based Practice with Domestic Violence Perpetrators","volume":"16","author":"Corvo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016057328929","article-title":"Predictors of Attrition in Two Types of Group Programs for Men Who Batter","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for men who physically abuse their female partner","volume":"7","author":"Smedslund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Campbell Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2003.06.001","article-title":"Evaluating batterer counseling programs: A difficult task showing some effects and implications","volume":"9","author":"Gondolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design, Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.15.3.351","article-title":"Coordinating Community Responses to Domestic Violence: Lessons From Duluth and Beyond","volume":"15","author":"Shepard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett, K., and Kennedy, R. (2018). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics [1989]. Feminist Legal Theory, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429500480"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/10778019922181428","article-title":"Addressing Culture in Batterers Intervention","volume":"5","author":"Almeida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Turhan, Z. (2019). The Lived Experiences of Turkish Perpetrators\u2019 Engagement in Domestic Violence Interventions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X12468110","article-title":"Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programs in Europe, Part II","volume":"57","author":"Akoensi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence in Muslim Communities","volume":"1","author":"Nedegaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arts Soc. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patriarchal violence in the name of \u2019honour\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Crim. Justice Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9761-3","article-title":"The Effects of Acculturation on Intimate Partner Violence Among Chinese Immigrants in New York City","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507312293","article-title":"Reconceptualizing and Operationalizing Context in Survey Research on Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"23","author":"Lindhorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"115","article-title":"Cultural Considerations and Challenges to Service Delivery for Sudanese Victims of Domestic Violence: Insights from Service Providers and Actors in the Criminal Justice System","volume":"14","author":"Keller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Vict."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2013.853018","article-title":"Risk and Resilience of Immigrant Women in Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"24","author":"Paat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2016.1116479","article-title":"African Immigrant Women and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.12.001","article-title":"Socio-cultural risk factors impacting domestic violence among South Asian immigrant women: A scoping review","volume":"38","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020925773","article-title":"Cumulative Contexts of Vulnerability to Intimate Partner Violence Among Women with Disabilities, Elderly Women, and Immigrant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Explanatory Theories, and Prevention","volume":"23","author":"Sasseville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61703-7","article-title":"Prevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say?","volume":"385","author":"Ellsberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Heise, L. (2021, July 07). What Works to Prevent Partner Violence? An Evidence Overview. STRIVE Research Consortium. Available online: http:\/\/strive.lshtm.ac.uk\/system\/files\/attachments\/What%20works%20to%20prevent%20partner%20violence.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.708013","article-title":"Barriers to Treatment in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Families Enrolled in a Community-Based Domestic Violence Intervention","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Thandi, G., and Lloyd, B. (2011). \u2018This Is a Man\u2019s Problem\u2019: Strategies for Working with South Asian Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence, Justice Institute of British Columbia. Available online: https:\/\/www.jibc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/pdf\/This-is-a-man%27s-problem_REPORT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2021, July 07). Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist. Available online: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2021, July 18). Quality Assessment Tools, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-pro\/guidelines\/in-develop\/cardiovascular-risk-reduction\/tools\/cohort."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885503083002004","article-title":"Culturally Competent Programs: The First Family Violence Program for Aboriginal Men in Prison","volume":"83","author":"Zellerer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prison J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X05277662","article-title":"Psychological Treatment of Men Convicted of Gender Violence","volume":"50","author":"Amor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212475338","article-title":"En el Grupo Tomas Conciencia (In Group You Become Aware)","volume":"19","author":"Holtrop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.25.6.799","article-title":"Culturally Specific Treatment for Partner-Abusive Latino Men: A Qualitative Study to Identify and Implement Program Components","volume":"25","author":"Welland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0213","article-title":"Using Traditional Spirituality to Reduce Domestic Violence within Aboriginal Communities","volume":"16","author":"Puchala","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2013.767511","article-title":"\u2018Because I am a man, I should be gentle to my wife and my children\u2019: Positive masculinity to stop gender-based violence in a coastal district in Vietnam","volume":"21","author":"Hoang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gend. Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586377","article-title":"Effectiveness of the IDAP Treatment Program for Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"32","author":"Freij","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effectiveness of a treatment programme for immigrants who committed gender-based violence against their partners","volume":"25","author":"Echauri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00399.x","article-title":"The SCL-90 and SCL-90R versions validated by item response models in a Danish community sample","volume":"110","author":"Olsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1760145619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192215180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192215180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]}}}