{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:46:24Z","timestamp":1767995184942,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of childhood asthma contributes to the global burden of the disease substantially. Air pollution in India has increased. In this study, we examine the associations among greenspaces, air pollution, and asthma prevalence in children and adolescents over a large, diverse population in India. We used state-wide global burden of disease data on asthma from age 0 to 19 years in 2005, 2011, and 2017. For greenspace, we used the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), which is the surface reflectance of light during photosynthetic activity. NDVI, air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3), weather, and socio-demographic factors were included in generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to estimate their associations with childhood asthma prevalence over time. Novel data visualization illustrated the complex spatial distributions. NDVI was associated with asthma prevalence (\u03b2 = 0.144; 95% CI = 0.10, 0.186; p &lt; 0.0001) for high PM2.5, along with high levels of both gaseous air pollutants, SO2, and NO2 ((\u03b2 = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.16; p &lt; 0.0001) and (\u03b2 = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.13; p &lt; 0.0001)). However, NDVI and high O3, had a strong negative association with asthma prevalence (\u03b2 = \u22120.19; 95% CI = \u22120.26, \u22120.11; p &lt; 0.0001). We observed additional effects of the interaction between the NDVI and high concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3, assuming that these associations share a common pathway, and found interaction effects for asthma prevalence. Given the changing environmental conditions that interplay over geographical characteristics on the prevalence of asthma, further studies may elucidate a better understanding of these complex associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:05:11Z","timestamp":1668999911000},"page":"15273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Time Trends of Greenspaces, Air Pollution, and Asthma Prevalence among Children and Adolescents in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sowmya","family":"Malamardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore 570015, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina A.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attahalli Shivanarayanaprasad","family":"Praveena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Statistics, University of Mysore, Mysuru 570006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh Padukudru","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore 570015, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bircan","family":"Erbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GINA (2022). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global INitiative for Asthma. Available online: www.ginasthma.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00186","article-title":"The burden of pediatric asthma","volume":"6","author":"Ferrante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01450-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study","volume":"398","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0858OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life","volume":"181","author":"Gehring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP239","article-title":"Early exposure to traffic-related air pollution, respiratory symptoms at 4 years of age, and potential effect modification by parental allergy, stressful family events, and sex: A prospective follow-up study of the PARIS birth cohort","volume":"125","author":"Bougas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61536-6","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"382","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.11.009","article-title":"Hygiene hypothesis in asthma development: Is hygiene to blame?","volume":"48","author":"Arrieta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30120-7","article-title":"The Melbourne epidemic thunderstorm asthma event 2016: An investigation of environmental triggers, effect on health services, and patient risk factors","volume":"2","author":"Thien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Global Asthma Network (2018). Global Asthma Report 2018, Global Asthma Network. Available online: http:\/\/www.globalasthmanetwork.org\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00528-2021","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00528-2021","article-title":"Prevalence, time trends and treatment practices of asthma in India: Global Asthma Network study","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102866","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02866-2021","article-title":"The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries: GAN Phase I study","volume":"60","author":"Asher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.002","article-title":"Residential greenness and allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.028","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution and development and persistence of asthma and low lung function","volume":"113","author":"Bowatte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.12.001","article-title":"Increased ultrafine particles and carbon monoxide concentrations are associated with asthma exacerbation among urban children","volume":"129","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3766","article-title":"Estimates of the Global Burden of Ambient PM2.5, Ozone, and NO2 on Asthma Incidence and Emergency Room Visits","volume":"126","author":"Anenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawankar, R., Wang, J.-Y., Wang, I.-J., Thien, F., Chang, Y.-S., Latiff, A.H.A., Fujisawa, T., Zhang, L., Thong, B.Y.-H., and Chatchatee, P. (2020). Asia Pacific Association of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology White Paper 2020 on climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity in Asia-Pacific and impact on allergic diseases. Asia Pac. Allergy, 10.","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2020.10.e11"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 21). Air Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/air-pollution?."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120400018717","article-title":"Air pollution and childhood asthma emergency hospital admissions: Estimating intra-city regional variations","volume":"15","author":"Erbas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.020","article-title":"Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in US inner cities","volume":"121","author":"Neas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and asthma","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000463","article-title":"Air pollution in India and related adverse respiratory health effects: Past, present, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Khilnani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO (2022, October 29). Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/concentrations-of-fine-particulate-matter-(pm2-5)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.071894","article-title":"Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma","volume":"62","author":"Lovasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308038","article-title":"Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy","volume":"122","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205513","article-title":"Urban tree canopy and asthma, wheeze, rhinitis, and allergic sensitization to tree pollen in a New York City birth cohort","volume":"121","author":"Lovasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2019.100096","article-title":"The effect of residential urban greenness on allergic respiratory diseases in youth: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Ferrante","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205244","article-title":"Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts","volume":"120","author":"Dadvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010341","article-title":"Associations between neighbourhood greenness and asthma in preschool children in Kaunas, Lithuania: A case\u2013control study","volume":"6","author":"Andrusaityte","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104609","article-title":"Surrounding greenness and exposure to air pollution during pregnancy: An analysis of personal monitoring data","volume":"120","author":"Dadvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"United Nations (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available online: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Publications\/Files\/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators (2017). Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. Respir. Med., 5, 691\u2013706."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 21). Ambient Air Pollution Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/air-pollution\/ambient-air-pollution."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"IQAir (2020). World Air Quality Report: Region & City PM2.5 Ranking, IQAir. Available online: https:\/\/www.iqair.com\/world-most-polluted-cities\/world-air-quality-report-2020-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.004","article-title":"Cause-specific premature death from ambient PM2. 5 exposure in India: Estimate adjusted for baseline mortality","volume":"91","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30409-1","article-title":"The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132016","volume":"6","author":"Salvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.184","article-title":"Health systems in India","volume":"36","author":"Chokshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2021, October 16). GBD Compare. Available online: http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research Public Health Foundation of India Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (2019). GBD India Compare Data Visualization, IHME, University of Washington. Available online: http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare\/india."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.106609","article-title":"Global variation in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: Phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"111","article-title":"Association of IL13R alpha 1+ 1398A\/G polymorphism in a North Indian population with asthma: A case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol. Provid."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0005","article-title":"Indian Study on Epidemiology of Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis in adults (INSEARCH)","volume":"16","author":"Jindal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Weier, J., and Herring, D. (2021, January 15). Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI), Available online: http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/Features\/MeasuringVegetation."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project (2020, October 15). Quantum Geographic Information System. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (2020, June 21). Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 2009 Notified, Available online: http:\/\/moef.gov.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Press-Note-on-RNAAQS_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Central Pollution Control Board India (2021, August 21). National Ambient Air Quality Standards Central Pollution Control Board Notification in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary. Available online: http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in\/upload\/Latest\/Latest_48_FINAL_AIR_STANDARD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Central Pollution Control Board (2021, August 21). National Ambient Air Quality Status and Trends 2019. 2019, 156., Available online: http:\/\/www.cpcb.nic.in."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Government of India (2020, June 21). Census of India 2011, Available online: http:\/\/dataforall.org\/dashboard\/censusinfoindia_pca\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Government of India (2020, June 23). Census of India 2011; 00-001-2011-Cen-Book (E), Available online: https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/2011-prov-results\/data_files\/india\/paper_contentsetc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (2021, January 21). Children in India 2018\u2014A Statistical Appraisal, Available online: https:\/\/www.mospi.gov.in."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Kapoor, A., Kapoor, M., and Krylova, P. (2017). Social Progress Index: States of India 2005\u20132016, Methodology Report, Institute for Competitiveness. Available online: https:\/\/socialprogress.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/SPI_2017_Methodology.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Kapoor, A., Kapoor, M., and Krylova, P. (2017). Social Progress Index: States of India 2005\u20132016, Eleven Years of Progress Report Findings, Institute for Competitiveness. Available online: https:\/\/socialprogress.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/SPI_2017_Findings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH.22.5.631","article-title":"The effect of tree cover and vegetation on incidence of childhood asthma in metropolitan statistical areas of Texas","volume":"22","author":"Pilat","year":"2012","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0164OC","article-title":"Asthma trajectories in a population-based birth cohort. Impacts of air pollution and greenness","volume":"195","author":"Sbihi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.013","article-title":"Urban upbringing and childhood respiratory and allergic conditions: A multi-country holistic study","volume":"161","author":"Tischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., and Astell-Burt, T. (2017). Is neighborhood green space protective against associations between child asthma, neighborhood traffic volume and perceived lack of area safety? Multilevel analysis of 4447 Australian children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050543"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.12.009","article-title":"Associations of urban greenness with asthma and respiratory symptoms in Mexican American children","volume":"122","author":"Eldeirawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823b66b8","article-title":"Effects of ambient pollen concentrations on frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among asthmatic children","volume":"23","author":"DellaValle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.10.009","article-title":"Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: A comprehensive review of the existing evidence","volume":"307","author":"Corsini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"9","article-title":"Sensitization to Alternaria in patients with respiratory allergy","volume":"14","author":"Bartra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.07.004","article-title":"Dispersal patterns of Alternaria conidia in Spain","volume":"150","author":"Belmonte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18360","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313731110","article-title":"Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health","volume":"110","author":"Rook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205624109","article-title":"Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated","volume":"109","author":"Hanski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.037","article-title":"Urban greenness influences airborne bacterial community composition","volume":"571","author":"Mhuireach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-015-0007-1","article-title":"Psychological aspects in asthma: Do psychological factors affect asthma management?","volume":"1","author":"Baiardini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asthma Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502112","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02112-2015","article-title":"Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children","volume":"49","author":"Tischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.08.017","article-title":"Mental health benefits of neighbourhood green space are stronger among physically active adults in middle-to-older age: Evidence from 260,061 Australians","volume":"57","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11076","article-title":"Chronic traffic-related air pollution and stress interact to predict biologic and clinical outcomes in asthma","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2012.06.004","article-title":"Pollution attenuation by roadside greenbelt in and around urban areas","volume":"11","author":"Islam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812910106","article-title":"Parental stress increases the effect of traffic-related air pollution on childhood asthma incidence","volume":"106","author":"Shankardass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0707LE","article-title":"Greenness and Incident Childhood Asthma: A 10-Year Follow-up in a Population-based Birth Cohort","volume":"192","author":"Sbihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Indian Institute of Management (2020, December 21). Evaluation of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Available online: http:\/\/cpcbnicin\/cpcbold\/IIMLkopdf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2007.09.0040","article-title":"Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Coarse and Fine Size Ranges Over Delhi","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.10.005","article-title":"Water soluble inorganic species of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site of Delhi, India: Seasonal variability and sources","volume":"184","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:25Z","timestamp":1760145685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192215273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192215273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]}}}