{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:16:39Z","timestamp":1789672599454,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009877","name":"University of Michigan-Dearborn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[P\/G U)059355]."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[P\/G U)059355]."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing research continues to highlight the harm that intimate partner violence (IPV) can pose to health and well-being. However, little is done to understand the effectiveness of coping and protective mechanisms in helping women manage under adverse circumstances. The current study addresses the mental health of US Black women and the role of coping and protective moderators. An analysis of data from the National Survey of American Life (2001\u20132003), the most comprehensive survey on the health of US Blacks, was conducted. The association between severe physical intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes were confirmed. Resilience moderated the relationship between severe intimate partner violence and mood disorder among US Black women, but this differed between African American and Caribbean Blacks. Resilience, emotional family support, and spirituality reduced the likelihood of having a mental health condition for some African American and Caribbean Black women, while the opposite was found for religiosity. Demographic factors were also associated with mental health conditions and behaviors. The study draws our attention to potential coping and protective mechanisms that could be incorporated into counseling and intervention practices while recognizing factors that may be harmful to the mental health of individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:05:11Z","timestamp":1668999911000},"page":"15343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Coping and Protective Factors of Mental Health: An Examination of African American and US Caribbean Black Women Exposed to IPV from a Nationally Representative Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Regina N.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krim K.","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and African and African American Studies, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801214551289","article-title":"Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration Rates Among High School Students","volume":"20","author":"Coker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Violence Women"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12393","article-title":"Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"313909","article-title":"Mental and Physical Health and Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Review of the Literature","volume":"2013","author":"Dillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24794","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.24794","article-title":"Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimization: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Lagdon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518792249","article-title":"Intimate Partner Homicides in the United States, 2003-2013: A Comparison of Immigrants and Nonimmigrant Victims","volume":"36","author":"Sabri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514549053","article-title":"Are Immigrants More Likely Than Native-Born Americans to Perpetrate Intimate Partner Violence?","volume":"30","author":"Vaughn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Breiding, M.J., Chen, J., and Black, M.C. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence in the United States\u20142010, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"58","article-title":"Alcohol-Related Intimate Partner Violence Among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Caetano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Smith, S.G., Chen, J., Basile, K.C., Gilbert, L.K., Merrick, M.T., Patel, N., Walling, M., and Jain, A. (2022, September 17). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010\u20132012 State Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/sww080","article-title":"A Qualitative Study of Survival Strategies Used by Low-Income Black Women Who Experience Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"62","author":"Vil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000147","article-title":"Protective factors associated with resilience in women exposed to intimate partner violence","volume":"8","author":"Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Violence"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304428","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Prospective\u2013Longitudinal Studies","volume":"108","author":"Yakubovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2019.1660442","article-title":"Domestic Violence Through a Caribbean Lens: Historical Context, Theories, Risks and Consequences","volume":"30","author":"Lacey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2012.745461","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence, Depression, PTSD, and Use of Mental Health Resources Among Ethnically Diverse Black Women","volume":"52","author":"Sabri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Work Health Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517729402","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence and Women\u2019s Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies Among Women Seeking Help from the Police","volume":"36","author":"Mengo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.03.006","article-title":"A systematic review of coping among heterosexual female IPV survivors in the United States with a focus on the conceptualization and measurement of coping","volume":"34","author":"Rizo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.10.001","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against African American women: An examination of the socio-cultural context","volume":"14","author":"Taft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827611410265","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence and Adverse Health Consequences","volume":"5","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jeter, W.K. (2013). Chronic Psychological Trauma Predicts Mental and Physical Trauma Symptoms Differentially Based on Gender and Levels of Resilience and Forgiveness. [Ph.D. Thesis, Kansas State University]. Available online: https:\/\/krex.k-state.edu\/dspace\/handle\/2097\/15178."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301886","article-title":"Severe physical violence and black women\u2019s health and well-being","volume":"105","author":"Lacey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4879","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence and Its Health Impact on Ethnic Minority Women","volume":"24","author":"Stockman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019897345","article-title":"Understanding Women\u2019s Resistance to Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review","volume":"23","author":"Rajah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.003","article-title":"Resilience and mental health","volume":"30","author":"Davydov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013487805","article-title":"Resilience, Trauma, Context, and Culture","volume":"14","author":"Ungar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.039","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-013-9691-4","article-title":"Mental Disorders, Religion and Spirituality 1990 to 2010: A Systematic Evidence-Based Review","volume":"52","author":"Bonelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2020.1729570","article-title":"Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"31","author":"Garssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Relig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.4.557","article-title":"Spirituality and Health for Women of Color","volume":"92","author":"Musgrave","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.063","article-title":"Religion, spirituality and depression in prospective studies: A systematic review","volume":"257","author":"Braam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5906.t01-1-00160","article-title":"Religiosity and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Studies","volume":"42","author":"Hackney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sci. Study Relig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400502","article-title":"Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Koenig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"278730","article-title":"Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications","volume":"2012","author":"Koenig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020970996","article-title":"Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"67","author":"Lucchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.53","article-title":"Religiosity\/spirituality and health: A critical review of the evidence for biological pathways","volume":"58","author":"Seeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.04.009","article-title":"Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: A review","volume":"2","author":"Zimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-014-9896-1","article-title":"Religiousness and Mental Health: Systematic Review Study","volume":"55","author":"AbdAleati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.02.003","article-title":"Religion and anxiety: A critical review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Edelstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21947","article-title":"Church and family support networks and depressive symptoms among African Americans: Findings from The National Survey of American Life","volume":"46","author":"Chatters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-015-9626-8","article-title":"Social Support from Family and Friends and Subjective Well-Being of Older African Americans","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12111-013-9258-1","article-title":"Patterns of Emotional Social Support and Negative Interactions among African American and Black Caribbean Extended Families","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Afr. Am. Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f3ad89","article-title":"Social and emotional support and its implication for health","volume":"21","author":"Reblin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0347-y","article-title":"Emotional support, negative interaction and major depressive disorder among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: Findings from the National Survey of American Life","volume":"47","author":"Lincoln","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.037","article-title":"Perceived stress and mental health: The mediating roles of social support and resilience among black women exposed to sexual violence","volume":"259","author":"Catabay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-013-0449-y","article-title":"\u201cGod Just Brought Me Through It\u201d: Spiritual Coping Strategies for Resilience Among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors","volume":"42","author":"Drumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Soc. Work J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.533","article-title":"Factors that mediate and moderate the link between partner abuse and suicidal behavior in African American women","volume":"66","author":"Kaslow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090260137644","article-title":"Social Support Protects against the Negative Effects of Partner Violence on Mental Health","volume":"11","author":"Coker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health Gender-Based Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2013.02.003","article-title":"Health Indicators, Social Support, and Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Utilizing Services at a Community Organization","volume":"23","author":"Kamimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509354879","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence and Depression in a Population-Based Sample of Women: Can Social Support Help?","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20305","article-title":"Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women","volume":"62","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"400","article-title":"Associations between spirituality and mental health in women exposed to adversity","volume":"12","author":"Kaufman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Relig. Spirit."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-018-0956-y","article-title":"Underneath the Mask of the Strong Black Woman Schema: Disentangling Influences of Strength and Self-Silencing on Depressive Symptoms among U.S. Black Women","volume":"80","author":"Abrams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243206294108","article-title":"You have to show strength: An exploration of gender, race, and depression","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732310361892","article-title":"Superwoman Schema: African American Women\u2019s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.09.001","article-title":"Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women","volume":"99","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumra, M.K., and Schillaci, M.A. (2015). Stress and the multiple-role woman: Taking a closer look at the \u201cSuperwoman\u201d. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120952"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000133","article-title":"Perceived social support moderates the relationship between activities of daily living and depression after lower limb loss","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0112-3","article-title":"The Impact of Child Symptom Severity on Depressed Mood Among Parents of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Stress Proliferation","volume":"36","author":"Benson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gellert, P., H\u00e4usler, A., Suhr, R., Gholami, M., Rapp, M., Kuhlmey, A., and Nordheim, J. (2018). Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189849"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01437-1","article-title":"Stress-Buffering Effects of Social Support on Depressive Problems: Perceived vs. Received Support and Moderation by Parental Depression","volume":"28","author":"Szkody","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922639","article-title":"Alternative models of the stress buffering hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Landerman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.182","article-title":"Methodological innovations in the National Survey of American Life","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, P., Macdonald, J., and MacLeod, R. (2018). Measuring Spirituality and Religiosity in Clinical Settings: A Scoping Review of Available Instruments. Religions, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rel9030070"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proctor, B.D., and Dalaker, J. (2022, April 10). Poverty in the United States: 2001. Current Population Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/publications\/2002\/demo\/p60-219.html.","DOI":"10.1037\/e561102006-001"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.179","article-title":"Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES)","volume":"13","author":"Heeringa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.03.021","article-title":"Economic Insecurity and Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Victimization","volume":"53","author":"Breiding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00986.x","article-title":"An interpretive phenomenological analysis of African-Caribbean women\u2019s experiences and management of emotional distress","volume":"19","author":"Sisley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353520964672","article-title":"Staying strong: Exploring experiences of managing emotional distress for African Caribbean women living in the UK","volume":"31","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fem. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Mohamed, B., Cox, K., Diamant, J., and Gecewicz, C. (2022, March 03). Faith Among Black Americans. Pew Research Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2021\/02\/16\/faith-among-black-americans\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Murrell, N.S. (2010). Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions, Temple University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1bw1hxg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.3.333","article-title":"The Direct and Stress\u2013Buffering Effects of Self\u2013Organization on Psychological Adjustment","volume":"25","author":"Constantino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1335","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517746183","article-title":"Moderating Effects of Resilience on Depression, Psychological Distress, and Suicidal Ideation Associated with Interpersonal Violence","volume":"36","author":"Fedina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, V., and Constantino, R.E. (2021). The association between life satisfaction, emotional support, and perceived health among women who experienced intimate Partner violence (IPV)\u20142007 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10665-4"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12181","article-title":"Does increasing women\u2019s education reduce their risk of intimate partner violence? evidence from an education policy reform","volume":"56","author":"Weitzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Criminol. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309350686","article-title":"African American Women\u2019s Beliefs, Coping Behaviors, and Barriers to Seeking Mental Health Services","volume":"19","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.04.009","article-title":"Transport inequities through the lens of environmental racism: Rural-urban migrants under Covid-19","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, J., Shi, L., and Chang, Y. (2020). Minorities in rural China: Poorer but inherently happier?. Ethnicity and Inequality in China, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003082156-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31829dbd64","article-title":"The Association Between Immigrant Subgroup and Poor Mental Health: A Population-Based Register Study","volume":"201","author":"Hollander","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9730162","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9730162","article-title":"Social Determinants of Immigrant Women\u2019s Mental Health","volume":"2016","author":"Delara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalos, A.C. (2017). Education, Happiness and Wellbeing. Connecting the Quality of Life Theory to Health, Well-being and Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51161-0"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264310393339","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status, Marital Status Continuity and Change, Marital Conflict, and Mortality","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:26Z","timestamp":1760145746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/22\/15343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192215343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192215343","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]}}}