{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:57Z","timestamp":1787028357255,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/00165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/00165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Call LL20-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call LL20-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Observatorio Social La Caixa","award":["PI16\/00165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/00165"]}]},{"name":"Observatorio Social La Caixa","award":["Call LL20-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call LL20-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [\u03b2(95% CI) = \u22123.25 (\u22123.969 to \u22122.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T03:02:16Z","timestamp":1669086136000},"page":"15398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Llistosella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, 08227 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Universitat International de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Castellvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Miranda-Mendizabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Recoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Calbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5653-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Casajuana-Closas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitari de Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumen","family":"Manolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Matilla-Santander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Medicine, The Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., and Ho, R.C. 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