{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:24:16Z","timestamp":1761157456227,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["81203621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81203621"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung, BMBF), Germany","award":["81203621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81203621"]}]},{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCD-RU) of the SAMRC","award":["81203621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81203621"]}]},{"name":"Human and Social Capabilities (HSC) division of the Human Science Research Council (HSRC)","award":["81203621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81203621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to examine the association between macronutrient and fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in South African male mini-bus taxi drivers. One hundred and eighty-five (n = 185) male taxi drivers, aged 20 years and older, who operate in the Cape Town metropole, South Africa, were included. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) algorithm was used to define MetS. The association between macronutrient and fatty acid intake (assessed using 24 h recall) and MetS were analyzed using multivariable nutrient density substitution models. Overall, protein consumption significantly increased the likelihood of high blood pressure (HBP) and significantly lowered the likelihood of having low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In an isoenergetic state, the intake of protein instead of carbohydrates (CHOs) and total fat, reduced the likelihood of elevated triglycerides by 6.7% and 6.6%, respectively. The intake of CHOs instead of protein and total fat, reduced the likelihood of HBP by 2.2% and 2.8%, respectively. In the same isoenergetic state, the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) instead of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) increased the likelihood of HBP by 9.8%, whereas the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) instead of SFAs decreased the likelihood of HBP by 9.4%. The current study showed that when total food energy intake is kept constant, a diet that is high in protein, CHOs and PUFAs reduces triglycerides and BP, whereas the intake of total fat and SFAs had the opposite effect. It should, however, be noted that these outcomes were produced using mathematical models, as such we recommend further prospective studies in real life that will reveal the actual associations between the consumption of macronutrients and fatty acids and MetS and its components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1669105528000},"page":"15452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between Macronutrient and Fatty Acid Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: A South African Taxi Driver Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Machoene","family":"Sekgala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"Human and Social Capabilities, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maretha","family":"Opperman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buhle","family":"Mpahleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Foods Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zandile","family":"Mchiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151092","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Grundy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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