{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:45:42Z","timestamp":1793256342651,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University of Basel, Switzerland","award":["DMS2133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS2133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to Cloninger\u2019s model, personality is conceptualized in temperament and character traits contributing to a child\u2019s psychosocial development. Additionally, parent\u2013child interaction is important for the child\u2019s socio-emotional development. To date, the relationship between attachment and temperament and character for child mental health development and its effects on parents remains mostly unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to examine the relationship of attachment, temperament and character, parental stress, and mental health problems among 125 children (mean age = 7.14 years) in Switzerland. Temperament and character, attachment disorder (symptoms), parental stress, and mental health problems were assessed with psychometric questionnaires; attachment was assessed with an additional observational measure. Descriptive characters of the sample were presented, and group differences and correlations were computed. For temperament traits, results revealed significant group differences for novelty seeking and persistence and attachment disorder types. For character traits, the findings showed significant group differences for self-directedness and cooperativeness and attachment disorder types. Moderate effect sizes for groups differences were found. Further, the mixed-type (inhibited and disinhibited) and inhibited attachment disorder type were the most burdened groups. The present findings suggest that temperament and character traits, as well as parental stress and mental health problems are associated with the occurrence of attachment disorders among children. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to examine the causal relationships of temperament and character with attachment, including person-related and environmental factors among children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1669105528000},"page":"15458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship of Temperament and Character, Parental Stress, and Mental Health Problems with Attachment Disorders among Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcheyla","family":"Seker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfine","family":"d\u2019Huart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonca","family":"Izat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivantes Clinic Friedrichshain, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Berlin, 10249 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarete","family":"Bolten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Burger, J.M. 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