{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:58:19Z","timestamp":1790315899370,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012207"]}]},{"name":"Research University (RUI) Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Research University (RUI) Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human melioidosis in Southeast Asia as well as to highlight knowledge gaps in the prevalence and risk factors of this life-threatening disease using available evidence-based data for better diagnosis and treatment. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used as the guideline for this review. The literature search was conducted on 23 March 2022 through two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) using lists of keywords referring to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus. A total of 38 articles related to human melioidosis were included from 645 screened articles. These studies were carried out between 1986 and 2019 in six Southeast Asian countries: Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Vietnam. Melioidosis has been reported with a high disease prevalence among high-risk populations. Studies in Thailand (48.0%) and Cambodia (74.4%) revealed disease prevalence in patients with septic arthritis and children with suppurative parotitis, respectively. Other studies in Thailand (63.5%) and Malaysia (54.4% and 65.7%) showed a high seroprevalence of melioidosis among Tsunami survivors and military personnel, respectively. Additionally, this review documented soil and water exposure, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, thalassemia, and children under the age of 15 as the main risk factors for melioidosis. Human melioidosis is currently under-reported in Southeast Asia and its true prevalence is unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T02:10:54Z","timestamp":1669169454000},"page":"15475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Burden and Risk Factors of Melioidosis in Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kasturi","family":"Selvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanasree","family":"Ganapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Ahmad","family":"Najib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazli","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Azlina","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azian","family":"Harun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab 2, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Mohd Zahiruddin","family":"Wan Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Aziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon","volume":"47","author":"Whitmore","year":"1912","journal-title":"Indian Med. Gaz."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02671.x","article-title":"Out of the ground: Aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia","volume":"14","author":"Kaestli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17107","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.107","article-title":"Melioidosis","volume":"4","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0014","article-title":"Melioidosis: Clinical aspects","volume":"22","author":"Karunanayake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90333-X","article-title":"Melioidosis: Acute and chronic disease, relapse and re-activation","volume":"94","author":"Currie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242499","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242499","article-title":"Case of melioidosis misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Veluthat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"734","article-title":"It is tuberculosis or melioidosis? A clinical diagnostic dilemma","volume":"76","author":"Jamani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Tuberculosis mimicked by melioidosis","volume":"12","author":"Vidyalakshmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Against Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.02.012","article-title":"Emerging clinico-epidemiological trends in melioidosis: Analysis of 95 cases from western coastal India","volume":"16","author":"Vidyalakshmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13374-0","article-title":"Melioidosis","volume":"361","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15008","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0038","article-title":"Increasing incidence of human melioidosis in Northeast Thailand","volume":"82","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinjoy, S., Hantrakun, V., Kongyu, S., Kaewrakmuk, J., Wangrangsimakul, T., Jitsuronk, S., Saengchun, W., Bhengsri, S., Akarachotpong, T., and Thamthitiwat, S. (2018). Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020038"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140042","article-title":"Association of melioidosis incidence with rainfall and humidity, Singapore, 2003\u20132012","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00061-3","article-title":"Melioidosis in Southeast Asia","volume":"74","author":"Leelarasamee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.5.890","article-title":"Melioidosis: A Major Cause of Community-Acquired Septicemia in Northeastern Thailand","volume":"159","author":"Chaowagul","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-167","article-title":"Epidemiology of bacteremia caused by uncommon non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Rattanaumpawan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10727","article-title":"Hepatic\/splenic abscess and\/or skin and soft tissue infection as predictors of melioidosis in children","volume":"13","author":"Supatjaree","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0402","article-title":"Hospitalized Bacteremic Melioidosis in Rural Thailand: 2009\u20132013","volume":"98","author":"Jatapai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0286","article-title":"Prevalence of melioidosis in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis and sputum smear negative for acid-fast bacilli in northeast Thailand","volume":"89","author":"Suntornsut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0288","article-title":"Clinical Epidemiology of Septic Arthritis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Other Bacterial Pathogens in Northeast Thailand","volume":"97","author":"Teparrukkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D7-104","article-title":"Zoonotic and vector borne agents causing disease in adult patients hospitalized due to fever of unknown origin in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Hinjoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hantrakun, V., Somayaji, R., Teparrukkul, P., Boonsri, C., Rudd, K., Day, N.P.J., West, T.E., and Limmathurotsakul, D. (2018). Clinical epidemiology and outcomes of community acquired infection and sepsis among hospitalized patients in a resource limited setting in Northeast Thailand: A prospective observational study (Ubon-sepsis). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204509"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.04.007","article-title":"Suppurative cervical lymphadenitis in adult: An analysis of predictors for surgical drainage","volume":"47","author":"Srivanitchapoom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.09.001","article-title":"Severe bacterial infections in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia: Prevalence and clinical risk factors","volume":"39","author":"Teawtrakul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0409","article-title":"Infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness among patients seeking health care in south-central Cambodia","volume":"86","author":"Kasper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-126","article-title":"Pulmonary melioidosis in Cambodia: A prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Rammaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318258873b","article-title":"Pediatric suppurative parotitis in Cambodia between 2007 and 2011","volume":"31","author":"Stoesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060634","article-title":"A prospective study of the causes of febrile illness requiring hospitalization in children in Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Chheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005923","article-title":"Melioidosis in lower provincial Cambodia: A case series from a prospective study of sepsis in Takeo Province","volume":"11","author":"Schully","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0294","article-title":"Melioidosis in patients with suspected tuberculosis in Cambodia: A single-center cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Pho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Against Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70004-X","article-title":"Re-emergence of melioidosis in Myanmar","volume":"102","author":"Aung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008268","article-title":"A prospective study of bloodstream infections among febrile adolescents and adults attending Yangon General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"14","author":"Myat","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try115","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of patients with sepsis in a tertiary referral hospital in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"113","author":"Hanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882100128X","article-title":"Enhanced melioidosis surveillance in patients attending four tertiary hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"149","author":"Win","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab024","article-title":"Observational study of adult respiratory infections in primary care clinics in Myanmar: Understanding the burden of melioidosis, tuberculosis and other infections not covered by empirical treatment regimes","volume":"115","author":"Warrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.278096","article-title":"Etiologies of tropical acute febrile illness in West Pahang, Malaysia: A prospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"Thabit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1086\/313479","article-title":"Melioidosis in Southern Vietnam: Clinical Surveillance and Environmental Sampling","volume":"29","author":"Parry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.163","article-title":"Assessment of Bacteremia in a Large Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern Vietnam: A Single-Center Retrospective Surveillance Study","volume":"72","author":"Takeshita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2582-7","article-title":"Bacterial bloodstream infections in a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Northern Vietnam: Aetiology, drug resistance, and treatment outcome","volume":"17","author":"Dat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"458","article-title":"Severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring intensive care: A study of 80 cases from Singapore","volume":"49","author":"Poulose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.45.247","article-title":"A preliminary survey for human immunodeficient virus (HIV) infections in tuberculosis and melioidosis patients in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand","volume":"45","author":"Kanai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.239-240.2006","article-title":"Serological evidence for increased human exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei following the tsunami in southern Thailand","volume":"44","author":"Wuthiekanun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0885","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Fever and Sepsis Patients from Cambodia Reveals Serological Evidence of Melioidosis","volume":"98","author":"Suttisunhakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0791","article-title":"Use of Rapid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Serological Screening of Melioidosis in Myanmar","volume":"98","author":"Win","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"293","article-title":"Outbreak of melioidosis and leptospirosis co-infection following a rescue operation","volume":"67","author":"Sapian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"697","article-title":"Melioidosis: Overview of seropositivity in Malaysia","volume":"33","author":"Hii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.38.4.099","article-title":"Trend and pattern of melioidosis seropositivity among suspected patients in Malaysia 2015\u20142019","volume":"38","author":"Hadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02092.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei Exotoxin and Whole Cell Antigens in Military Personnel in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"36","author":"Embi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N9p749","article-title":"Ten-year series of splenic abscesses in a general hospital in Singapore","volume":"37","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1086\/520223","article-title":"Risk Factors for Melioidosis and Bacteremic Melioidosis","volume":"29","author":"Suputtamongkol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002072","article-title":"Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: A matched case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Hassan, M.R., Aziz, N., Ismail, N., Shafie, Z., Mayala, B., Donohue, R.E., Pani, S.P., and Michael, E. (2019). Socio-epidemiological and land cover risk factors for melioidosis in Kedah, Northern Malaysia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007243"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30157-4","article-title":"Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: A systematic review and data synthesis","volume":"19","author":"Birnie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00394-7","article-title":"A call to action: Time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease","volume":"22","author":"Savelkoel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempf-Leonard, K. (2005). Prevalence and Incidence. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369398-5\/90006-9"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Win, M.M., Ashley, E.A., Zin, K.N., Aung, M.T., Swe, M.M.M., Ling, C.L., Nosten, F., Thein, W.M., Zaw, N.N., and Aung, M.Y. (2018). Melioidosis in Myanmar. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010028"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinh, T.T., Nguyen, L.D.N., Nguyen, T.V., Tran, C.X., Le, A.V., Nguyen, H.V., Assig, K., Lichtenegger, S., Wagner, G.E., and Do, C.D. (2018). Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020039"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84.e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.07.029","article-title":"A simple laboratory algorithm for diagnosis of melioidosis in resource-constrained areas: A study from north-central Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"Trinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005","article-title":"Melioidosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, S.H., Ong, C.E., Gan, Y.H., Wang, D., Koh, V.W., Tan, Y.K., Wong, M.S., Chew, J.S., Ling, S.F., and Tan, B.Z. (2018). Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010031"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1385","article-title":"Melioidosis: Insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"4","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1583-2","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis in a teaching hospital in a North-Eastern state of Malaysia: A fifteen-year review","volume":"16","author":"Zueter","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003834","article-title":"Airborne Transmission of Melioidosis to Humans from Environmental Aerosols Contaminated with B. pseudomallei","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"472","article-title":"A 5-year retrospective study of melioidosis cases treated in a district specialist hospital","volume":"74","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S., Barai, L., Afroze, S.R., Ghosh, P.K., Afroz, F., Rahman, H., Ghosh, S., Hossain, M.B., Rahman, M.Z., and Das, P. (2022). The Epidemiology of Melioidosis and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020149"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00503-08","article-title":"Human polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei in healthy and diabetic subjects","volume":"77","author":"Chanchamroen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12024","article-title":"Melioidosis and the kidney","volume":"18","author":"Jabbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ189","article-title":"Thalassemia Major Is a Major Risk Factor for Pediatric Melioidosis in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"60","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121891","article-title":"Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in drinking water, Thailand, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136408","article-title":"Small studies: Strengths and limitations","volume":"32","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e141045","article-title":"Melioidosis diagnostic workshop, 2013","volume":"21","author":"Hoffmaster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limmathurotsakul, D., Jamsen, K., Arayawichanont, A., Simpson, J.A., White, L.J., Lee, S.J., Wuthiekanun, V., Chantratita, N., Cheng, A., and Day, N.P.J. (2010). Defining the true sensitivity of culture for the diagnosis of melioidosis using Bayesian latent class models. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012485"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"568","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) in serum samples for diagnosis of melioidosis","volume":"112","author":"Wongsuvan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid.vi.328840","article-title":"Molecular detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in patients with suspected pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01452-16","article-title":"Cost analysis of implementing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry plus real-time antimicrobial stewardship intervention for bloodstream infections","volume":"55","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00197-07","article-title":"Use of antigens derived from Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and B. cepacia in the indirect hemagglutination assay for melioidosis","volume":"14","author":"Gilmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.330","article-title":"Indirect hemagglutination assay in patients with melioidosis in northern Australia","volume":"74","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30081-X","article-title":"The global diabetes epidemic: What does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try124","article-title":"The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries","volume":"113","author":"Dunachie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:30Z","timestamp":1760145870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]}}}