{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1762076578717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A decrease in physical activity levels among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic is well-documented in the literature. However, the effect of lockdown restrictions on cardiovascular fitness has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: The aim of the study was to assess the possible changes in cardiovascular fitness among university students during a 14-week period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirteen female and seven male tourism and recreation students participated in the study. Examinations were conducted in November 2020 and in February\/March 2021. Students performed the PWC170 test on a cycling ergometer. Maximal oxygen consumption was calculated based on the PWC170 test results. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at rest, as well as in the 1st and 5th minute of post-exercise recovery. Results: No substantial changes were observed in maximal oxygen consumption level when comparing autumn and winter indices. Male students presented elevated blood pressure whereas female students presented normal blood pressure. Heart-rate and blood-pressure indices did not show substantial alternations in examined students during analyzed period. Conclusions: Fourteen weeks of lockdown had little effect on the cardiovascular health of tourism and recreation students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T02:10:54Z","timestamp":1669169454000},"page":"15483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Cardiovascular Health in University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Bielec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kwa\u015bna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences in Wroc\u0142aw, al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.06.024","article-title":"The mental health benefits of physical activity in older adults survive the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Callow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13710","article-title":"Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Dwyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scan. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318811180","article-title":"Regular physical activity only associated with low sedentary time increases survival in post myocardial infarction patient","volume":"26","author":"Tiberi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318795194","article-title":"Associations of leisure-time physical activity with cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 prospective cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318793459","article-title":"Physical fitness is a modifiable predictor of early cardiovascular death: A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 healthy middle-aged men","volume":"25","author":"Engeseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2015.1001938","article-title":"Exercise is medicine: A call to action for physicians to assess and prescribe exercise","volume":"43","author":"Sallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3001w","article-title":"Impact of physical activity in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health: Can motion be medicine?","volume":"9","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"36","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activity, but not commuting physical activity, is associated with cardiovascular risk among ELSA-Brasil participants","volume":"110","author":"Pitanga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320916823","article-title":"Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"27","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-019-06926-5","article-title":"An estimation of the worldwide epidemiologic burden of physical inactivity related ischemic heart disease","volume":"34","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Therap."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002495","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002495","article-title":"Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.213728","article-title":"Field-based measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness to evaluate physical activity interventions","volume":"96","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13882","article-title":"Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness-A ten-year follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Bahls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/02640418808729800","article-title":"The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness","volume":"6","author":"Leger","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"418","article-title":"Qayoom O, Assessment of cardiovascular fitness [VO2max] among medical students by Queens College step test","volume":"6","author":"Nabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJBAR"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-7-200204020-00006","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"136","author":"Whelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-445X.2002.tb00064.x","article-title":"The effects of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure and orthostatic tolerance in humans","volume":"87","author":"Howden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"280","article-title":"A Study on body mass index, blood pressure, and red blood cell indices in new entering students of the University of Isfahan","volume":"2","author":"Moafi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/61439","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among pharmacy students from Wroclaw Medical University (Poland)","volume":"26","author":"Ilow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704562","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.704562","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and satisfaction with life of university students in Quatar: Changes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Hermassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocua, A.C.L., Gonzales, J.P.C., Jimenez, I.A.C., Acevedo, J.S.G., Marcolin, F., and Vezzetti, E. (2021). Assessment of cognitive student engagement using heart rate data in distance learning during COVID-19. Educ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11090540"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Results of monitoring the physical health of female students during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Mozolev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Physical and psychological deconditioning of overweight middle-aged women caused by COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Andrieieva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5604\/1232406X.991347","article-title":"Body composition and physical fitness of soccer and volleyball players aged from 16 to 18","volume":"28","author":"Boraczynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13551","article-title":"Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular event later in life","volume":"320","author":"Yano","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"136","article-title":"Risk factors and the prevalence of hypertension in young adults","volume":"10","author":"Krzych","year":"2006","journal-title":"Art Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.07.050","article-title":"Usefulness of blood pressure rise to exercise stress testing to predict the risk of future hypertension in normotensive Korean men","volume":"114","author":"Jae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01275","article-title":"White-coat hypertension. New insights from recent studies","volume":"62","author":"Franklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S152761","article-title":"White coat syndrome and its variations: Differences and clinical impact","volume":"11","author":"Pioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Blood Press Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manent, J.I.R., Jane, B.A., Cortes, P.S., Busquets-Cortes, C., Bote, S.A., Comas, L.M., and Gonzalez, A.A.L. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on anthropometric variables, blood pressure, and glucose and lipid profile in healthy adults: A before and after pandemic lockdown longitudinal study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061237"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0006","article-title":"Evidence of a blood pressure reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown period: Insights form e-Health data","volume":"28","author":"Girerd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001542","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.2001542","article-title":"Reduced maximal aerobic capacity after COVID-19 in young adult recruits, Switzerland, May 2020","volume":"25","author":"Crameri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624567","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.624567","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on university students\u2019 physical activity levels: An early systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Peric, I., Vulic, P., Pustijanac, E., Jukic, M., Bekic, S., Mestrovic, T., and Skrlec, I. (2021). Mental health and physical activity in health-related university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070801"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielec, G., and Omelan, A. (2022). Physical activity behaviors and physical work capacity in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020891"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"246","article-title":"Fitness index and VO2max of physical education students","volume":"15","author":"Badau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Mov. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"138","article-title":"The values of fitness index and VO2max of students using indirect method aerobic test","volume":"3","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"BC01","article-title":"A study of VO2max and body fat percentage in female athletes","volume":"8","author":"Shete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14211","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14211","article-title":"Effect of short-term endurance training on venous compliance in the calf and forearm differs between continuous and interval exercise in humans","volume":"7","author":"Oue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mc Ardle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (2006). Essentials of Exercise Physiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.913076","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in students with different level of aerobic capacity","volume":"27","author":"Mazurek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e2980","article-title":"Health-related physical fitness among undergraduate students in physical education","volume":"29","author":"Mesquita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"12","article-title":"Arterial blood pressure in female students before, during and after exercise","volume":"8","author":"Shahraki","year":"2012","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04340-6","article-title":"Postexercise hypotension and related hemodynamic responses to cycling under heat stress in untrained men with elevated blood pressure","volume":"120","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322010000300013","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure","volume":"65","author":"Cardoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.192368","article-title":"Blood pressure reduction following accumulated physical activity in prehypertensive","volume":"5","author":"Saxena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"233","article-title":"Evidence for exercise training in the management of hypertension in adults","volume":"61","author":"Ghadieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physican"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00348","article-title":"Post-exercise endothelium-dependent vasodilation id dependent on training status","volume":"11","author":"Kapilevich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2010.520244","article-title":"Predicting VO2max in college-age participants using cycle ergometry and perceived functional ability","volume":"14","author":"Nielson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measur. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.29359\/BJHPA.13.4.07","article-title":"Cardiovascular-metabolic responses and oxygen uptake kinetics during kayak paddling in normobaric hypoxia in young flatwater kayakers","volume":"13","author":"Gungor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Balt. J. Health Phys. Activ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627320","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.627320","article-title":"Heart rate dynamics during acute recovery from maximal aerobic exercise in young adults","volume":"12","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ultra short-term heart rate recovery after maximal exercise in two different body positions in elite male judokas compared to students of the sport faculty","volume":"14","author":"Vujkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Mont J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:31Z","timestamp":1760145871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315483","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]}}}