{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1762077733207,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearing a medical mask influences resting activity of the temporalis anterior and masseter muscles in healthy young women. However, no studies link medical mask-wearing with masticatory muscle activity in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Therefore, this study aims to compare electromyographic patterns while wearing a medical mask between women with and without temporomandibular disorders. Based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, 115 adult women qualified for the study. Participants were divided into the following two groups: diagnosed TMDs (n = 55; mean age: 23.5 \u00b1 2.3 years) and healthy women (n = 60; mean age: 23.7 \u00b1 2.6 years). Examinations of the resting and functional electromyographic activity of the temporalis anterior (TA), superficial masseter (MM), anterior bellies of the digastric muscle (DA), and the middle part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) were carried out using the BioEMG III\u2122. Both groups showed statistically significant decreases in resting masticatory muscle activity during medical mask examination compared to no mask measurement. The significant differences in no mask measurement between both groups were noted regarding resting masticatory activity, clenching in the intercuspal position, and clenching on dental cotton rollers. During medical mask examination, women with TMDs showed differences in resting masticatory activity and clenching on dental cotton rollers compared to the healthy group. In all analyzed variables, both groups showed similar electromyographic patterns in the maximum mouth opening measurement during medical mask and no mask examination. A medical mask influences the resting bioelectric activity of the masticatory muscles in women with temporomandibular disorders and healthy women. We observed differences and some similarities in resting and functional electromyographic patterns within masticatory and neck muscles in both groups during medical mask and no mask examination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T09:50:52Z","timestamp":1669197052000},"page":"15559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Difference in Electromyographic Activity While Wearing a Medical Mask in Women with and without Temporomandibular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ginszt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Szkutnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Unit of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"W\u00f3jcicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Unit of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Baszczowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Scientific Group of Sports Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Litko-Rola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Unit of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Unit of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani, A.M., and Mirmahaleh, S.Y.H. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Prevention and Treatment Methods and Effective Parameters: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustain. Cities Soc., 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102568"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06067-8","article-title":"Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer","volume":"35","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H.-M., von Delft, A., Price, A., Fridman, L., and Tang, L.-H. (2021). An Evidence Review of Face Masks against COVID-19. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014564118"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"59","article-title":"Protection from COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"Hufert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2012.635133","article-title":"Discomfort and Exertion Associated with Prolonged Wear of Respiratory Protection in a Health Care Setting","volume":"9","author":"Shenal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13811","article-title":"Headaches Associated with Personal Protective Equipment\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study Among Frontline Healthcare Workers during COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"130","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Prolonged Mask Use among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Rosner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serresse, L., Simon-Tillaux, N., Decav\u00e8le, M., Gay, F., Nion, N., Lavault, S., Guerder, A., Ch\u00e2telet, A., Dabi, F., and Demoule, A. (2022). Lifting Dyspnoea Invisibility: COVID-19 Face Masks, the Experience of Breathing Discomfort, and Improved Lung Health Perception\u2014A French Nationwide Survey. Eur. Respir. J., 59.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01459-2021"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13091","article-title":"Cotton versus Medical Face Mask Influence on Skin Characteristics during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Short-term Study","volume":"28","author":"Ilic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginszt, M., Zieli\u0144ski, G., Szkutnik, J., W\u00f3jcicki, M., Baszczowski, M., Litko-Rola, M., R\u00f3zy\u0142o-Kalinowska, I., and Majcher, P. (2022). The Effects of Wearing a Medical Mask on the Masticatory and Neck Muscle Activity in Healthy Young Women. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020303"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/204946371100500104","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)","volume":"5","author":"Durham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., By\u015b, A., Szkutnik, J., Majcher, P., and Ginszt, M. (2021). Electromyographic Patterns of Masticatory Muscles in Relation to Active Myofascial Trigger Points of the Upper Trapezius and Temporomandibular Disorders. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040580"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn052","article-title":"Surface Electromyographic Patterns of Masticatory, Neck, and Trunk Muscles in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Patients Undergoing Anterior Repositioning Splint Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Tecco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.5604\/00114553.1065048","article-title":"Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC\/TMD): The Polish Version of a Dual-Axis System for the Diagnosis of TMD.* RDC\/TMD Form","volume":"66","author":"Osiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of Recommendations for SEMG Sensors and Sensor Placement Procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"STROBE Initiative The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"61","author":"Altman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginszt, M., and Zieli\u0144ski, G. (2021). Novel Functional Indices of Masticatory Muscle Activity. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071440"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect Size Estimates: Current Use, Calculations, and Interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lenhard, W., and Lenhard, A. (2016). Calculation of Effect Sizes. Psychometrica."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Tian, L., Li, X., Qi, F., Tang, Q.-Y., Tang, V., Liu, J., Li, Z., Cheng, X., Li, X., and Shi, Y. (2020). Calibrated Intervention and Containment of the COVID-19 Pandemic. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13832","article-title":"Return to Training in the COVID-19 Era: The Physiological Effects of Face Masks during Exercise","volume":"31","author":"Epstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01704-y","article-title":"Effects of Surgical and FFP2\/N95 Face Masks on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Capacity","volume":"109","author":"Fikenzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh, D.Y.T., Mun, M.W., Lee, W.L.J., Teoh, O.H., and Rajgor, D.D. (2019). A Randomised Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Fit, Comfort of a Novel N95 Mask in Children. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55451-w"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06713","article-title":"Risks of N95 Face Mask Use in Subjects with COPD","volume":"65","author":"Kyung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.02.017","article-title":"Physiologic and Other Effects and Compliance with Long-Term Respirator Use among Medical Intensive Care Unit Nurses","volume":"41","author":"Rebmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106956","article-title":"Mask-Associated \u2018de Novo\u2019 Headache in Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"78","author":"Ceberino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisielinski, K., Giboni, P., Prescher, A., Klosterhalfen, B., Graessel, D., Funken, S., Kempski, O., and Hirsch, O. (2021). Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084344"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12527","article-title":"An Electromyographic Study on the Sequential Recruitment of Bilateral Sternocleidomastoid and Masseter Muscle Activity during Gum Chewing","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.04.006","article-title":"Assessment of Thickness and Function of Masticatory and Cervical Muscles in Adults with and without Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"58","author":"Strini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01266.x","article-title":"Influence of Masticatory Muscle Pain on Electromyographic Activities of Cervical Muscles in Patients with Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"31","author":"Pallegama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, S., Li, M., and Duan, Y.Y. (2021). Towards Real-Life EEG Applications: Novel Superporous Hydrogel-Based Semi-Dry EEG Electrodes Enabling Automatically \u2018Charge\u2013Discharge\u2019 Electrolyte. J. Neural Eng., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abeeab"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:17Z","timestamp":1760145917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]}}}