{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:47:24Z","timestamp":1780451244806,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of a regenerative city goes far beyond a sustainable one. The regenerative approach is to think of urban green space as a productive landscape, a source of food, and a support for biodiversity. In this approach, the so-called urban wastelands have a positive significance. Urban agriculture (UA) has become a commonly discussed topic in recent years with respect to sustainable development. Therefore, the combination of urban fabric and local food production is crucial for ecological reasons. The key issues are the reduction of food miles and the demand for processed food, the production of which strains the natural environment. At the same time, UA enables regeneration and restoration. An original methodological approach was used in the study following the mixed-method research concept: literature survey, case studies, and comparative analysis of objects. A review of UA architecture (UAA) projects was carried out to supplement the knowledge acquired during the bibliometric analysis. In sum, 25 existing projects, including allotment gardens, community gardens, and urban farms in the global north, were compared in this study. As a result of the analyses carried out, the breakdown of urban agriculture was developed into the following categories: (i) architectural\u2013urban, (ii) ecological, (iii) social, and (iv) economic, including the impact of UA on physical activity and social interaction. UA is also a factor shaping the urban landscape. In conclusion, agrarian practice in urban environments has led to the creation of a new type of space, known as UAA. Production in the context of UA exceeds private goods, such as food produced for sale or for individual use. Additional goods include public goods. The review shows that UA fulfills economic, social, and environmental functions, thus falling under the concept of sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T04:34:52Z","timestamp":1669264492000},"page":"15597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Urban Agriculture as an Alternative Source of Food and Water Security in Today\u2019s Sustainable Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Nowysz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Revitalization and Architecture, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Revitalization and Architecture, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena Daria","family":"Vaverkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Revitalization and Architecture, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeniusz","family":"Koda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Revitalization and Architecture, Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105570","article-title":"Evaluating the sustainability of urban renewal projects based on a model of hybrid multiple-attribute decision-making","volume":"108","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global Change and the Ecology of Cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172133","article-title":"A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems","volume":"325","author":"Ostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen, C. (2013). Sustainability (World Commission on Environment and Development Definition). Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28036-8_531"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x","article-title":"Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity\u2014Ecosystem service management","volume":"8","author":"Tscharntke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.02.017","article-title":"Mainstreaming sustainable innovation: Unlocking the potential of nature-based solutions for climate change and biodiversity","volume":"132","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-05-2017-0016","article-title":"Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications","volume":"9","author":"Angelidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.191","article-title":"An urban ecology critique on the \u201cSmart City\u201d model","volume":"164","author":"Colding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2020.1841119","article-title":"Are green cities sustainable? A degrowth critique of sustainable urban development in Copenhagen","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Plan. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.01.005","article-title":"Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America","volume":"133","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817804","DOI":"10.3389\/frsc.2021.817804","article-title":"Launching the Mission for 100 Climate Neutral Cities in Europe: Characteristics, Critiques, and Challenges","volume":"3","author":"Shabb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Cities"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Str\u00fcver, A., Saltiel, R., Schlitz, N., Hohmann, B., H\u00f6flehner, T., and Grabher, B. (2021). A Smart Right to the City\u2014Grounding Corporate Storytelling and Questioning Smart Urbanism. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179590"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4206\/aus.2021.n29-09","article-title":"Critical assay about urban sustainability. Proposal and conceptual boundaries","volume":"29","author":"Valdivia","year":"2021","journal-title":"AUS"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravagnuolo, A., Angrisano, M., and Fusco Girard, L. (2019). Circular Economy Strategies in Eight Historic Port Cities: Criteria and Indicators Towards a Circular City Assessment Framework. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11133512"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118605","article-title":"Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban areas","volume":"245","author":"Knickmeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2016.1214891","article-title":"Co-producing commons-based resilience: Lessons from R-Urban","volume":"44","author":"Petrescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v4i3.2484","article-title":"Facilitating Circular Economy in Urban Planning","volume":"4","author":"Wandl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105859","article-title":"Assessing the sustainability of urban eco-systems through Emergy-based circular economy indicators","volume":"109","author":"Santagata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106268","article-title":"Integrated social-ecological-infrastructural management for urban resilience","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019","article-title":"Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning","volume":"86","author":"Barton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011","article-title":"Defining urban resilience: A review","volume":"147","author":"Meerow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104376","article-title":"The place of space in urban metabolism research: Towards a spatial turn? A review and future agenda","volume":"221","author":"Bahers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.02.004","article-title":"Circular Urban Metabolism Framework","volume":"2","author":"Lucertini","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"art39","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08373-210239","article-title":"Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action","volume":"21","author":"Kabisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.040","article-title":"Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health\u2014A systematic review of reviews","volume":"158","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2012.628548","article-title":"Towards a regenerative paradigm for the built environment","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.22630\/ASPA.2021.20.2.15","article-title":"Circular economy in housing architecture: Methods of implementation","volume":"20","author":"Mazur","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, \u0141., Ba\u0107, A., Vaverkov\u00e1, M.D., Winkler, J., Nowysz, A., and Koda, E. (2022). Evaluation of the Quality of the Housing Environment Using Multi-Criteria Analysis That Includes Energy Efficiency: A Review. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15207750"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-020-01062-7","article-title":"Green infrastructures and ecological corridors shape avian biodiversity in a small French city","volume":"24","author":"Beaugeard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.33.1.115","article-title":"Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure","volume":"33","author":"Gill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747946","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1747946","article-title":"Spatial planning for urban ventilation corridors by urban climatology","volume":"6","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v6i1.3633","article-title":"Green Infrastructure and Biophilic Urbanism as Tools for Integrating Resource Efficient and Ecological Cities","volume":"6","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"189","article-title":"Sustainable food systems for future cities: The potential of urban agriculture","volume":"45","author":"Ackerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.08.002","article-title":"The second green revolution: Innovative urban agriculture\u2019s contribution to food security and sustainability\u2014A review","volume":"22","author":"Armanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-013-9448-4","article-title":"Urban agriculture of the future: An overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings","volume":"31","author":"Specht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Human Values"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018","article-title":"Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities","volume":"86","author":"Barthel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2017.1322914","article-title":"The Intersection of Planning, Urban Agriculture, and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature","volume":"83","author":"Horst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2012.07.012","article-title":"Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs","volume":"31","author":"Isendahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104055","article-title":"Urban agriculture\u2014A necessary pathway towards urban resilience and global sustainability?","volume":"210","author":"Langemeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1080\/21683565.2020.1775752","article-title":"Urban food sovereignty: Urgent need for agroecology and systems thinking in a post-COVID-19 future","volume":"44","author":"Loker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimbert, M.P. (2019). Food Sovereignty. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100596-5.22235-X"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, K., and Conway, D. (2021). Agriculture and Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50168-6_5"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.12.008","article-title":"A review of the interactions between biodiversity, agriculture, climate change, and international trade: Research and policy priorities","volume":"4","author":"Ortiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.07.005","article-title":"Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe\u2014A review","volume":"91","author":"Stoate","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2009.01.005","article-title":"Dissatisfaction with city life: A new look at some old questions","volume":"26","author":"Berry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochulska-Salak, M., Nowysz, A., and Tofiluk, A. (2021). Sustainable Urban Agriculture as Functional Hybrid Unit\u2014Issues of Urban Resilience. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11100462"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.22630\/ASPA.2021.20.4.38","article-title":"Urban vertical farm\u2014Introduction to the subject and discussion of selected examples","volume":"20","author":"Nowysz","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2011.575354","article-title":"Food choices and local food access among Perth\u2019s community gardeners","volume":"16","author":"Evers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Haney, D. (2015). Three Acres and a Cow. Small-Scale Agriculture as Solution to Urban Impoverisment in Britian and Germany, 1880\u20131933. Food and the City. Histories of Culture and Cultivation, Harvard University Press (Dumbarton Oaks)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Howe, J., Bohn, K., and Viljoen, A. (2005). Food in time: The history of english open urban space as a European example. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Katsch, G., Kosbi, H., Kro\u00df, E., Leistner, K.H., and Philipp, R. (2007). Geschichte des Kleingartenwesens in Sachsen, Landesverband Sachsen der Kleing\u00e4rtner e.V."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"43","article-title":"Historical Allotment Gardens in Wroc\u0142aw\u2014The Need to Protection","volume":"21","author":"Kononowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Civ. Environ. Eng. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Howard, E. (1898). To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Swan Sonnenschein & Co."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22630\/ASPA.2021.20.3.27","article-title":"Typology of urban agriculture architecture","volume":"20","author":"Nowysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACTA Sci. Pol.-Archit. Bud."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2008). Monument Conservator of the Lower Silesia Voivodship, Monument Register No. A\/1057, Monument Conservator of the Lower Silesia Voivodship."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Viljoen, A., Bohn, K., and Howe, J. (2005). Designs on the Plot: The Future for allotments in urban landscapes. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Architectural Press."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Szczurek, M., and Zych, M. (2012). Refleksje na temat s\u0105siedzkiego bycia oraz wsp\u00f3\u0142-bycia w przestrzeni Rodzinnych Ogrod\u00f3w Dzia\u0142kowych. Dzie\u0142o Dzia\u0142ka, Muzeum Etnograficzne im. S. Udzieli w Krakowie."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Crouch, D., and Ward, C. (1989). The Allotment: Its Landscape and Culture, Faber & Faber."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.105999","article-title":"Assessing sustainable urban development based on functional spatial differentiation of urban agriculture in Wuhan, China","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Viljoen, A., Howe, J., and Bohn, K. (2005). The social role of Community Farms and garden in the city. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Architectural Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839908725579","article-title":"Community gardens and sustainable land use planning: A case-study of the Alex Wilson community garden","volume":"4","author":"Irvine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/027046760002000308","article-title":"Rethinking Urban Poverty: A Look at Community Gardens","volume":"20","author":"Hanna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1538513204264752","article-title":"The Planner in the Garden: A Historical View into the Relationship between Planning and Community Gardens","volume":"3","author":"Lawson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plan. Hist."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/10705422.2010.519682","article-title":"Review and Analysis of the Benefits, Purposes, and Motivations Associated with Community Gardening in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Draper","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Community Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Imbert, D. (2015). From Beets in the Bronx to Chard in Chicago. The Discourse and Practice of Growing Food in American City. Food and the City. Histories of Culture and Cultivation, Harvard University Press (Dumbarton Oaks)."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, L. (2005). City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America, University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520931558"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2013.784086","article-title":"Urban Perennials: How Diversification has Created a Sustainable Community Garden Movement in The United States","volume":"34","author":"Birky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.14232\/belv.2016.3.7","article-title":"Effects of community gardens on local society","volume":"28","author":"Bende","year":"2016","journal-title":"Belvedere Merid."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Nordhal, D. (2009). Public Produce. The New Urban Agriculture, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Schilling, J. (2008). Buffalo as the Nation\u2019s First Living Laboratory for Reclaiming Vacant Properties, The Brookings Institution."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Wilkinson, L. (2011). Vacant Property: Strategies for Redevelopment in the Contemporary City, Georgia Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). Edible School Yard Project. Available online: www.edibleschoolyard.org\/network."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). WORKac. Available online: https:\/\/work.ac\/featured\/."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.013","article-title":"Cultivating nature-based solutions: The governance of communal urban gardens in the European Union","volume":"159","author":"Szaraz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776417736098","article-title":"Crisis and post-crisis urban gardening initiatives from a Southern European perspective: The case of Barcelona","volume":"26","author":"March","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urban Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, S., Fox-K\u00e4mper, R., Keshavarz, N., Benson, M., Caputo, S., Noori, S., and Voigt, A. (2016). Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315686608"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"58","article-title":"Intercultural gardens. Urban places for subsistence production and diversity","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ger. J. Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). Prinzessinneng\u00e4rten. Available online: www.prinzessinnengarten.net\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/13604813.2013.795332","article-title":"Austerity urbanism and the makeshift city","volume":"17","author":"Tonkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMD-10-2017-0109","article-title":"Placemaking and urban gardening: Himmelbeet case study in Berlin","volume":"11","author":"Karge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Place Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2015.1099.118","article-title":"Recent Developments in Urban Horticulture\u2014Facts and Fiction","volume":"1099","author":"Ulrichs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Bollier, D., and Helfrich, S. (2012). Practicing Commons in Community Gardens: Urban Gardening as a Corrective for Homo Economicus. The Wealth of the Commons a World Beyond Market & State, Levellers Press."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Van Dyck, B., Tornaghi, C., Halder, S., von der Haide, E., and Saunders, E. (2019). The making of a strategizing platform: From politicizing the food movement in urban contexts to political urban agroecology. Urban Gardening as Politics, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). Allmende-Kontor. Available online: www.allmende-kontor.de\/index.php\/gemeinschaftsgarten.html."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126572","article-title":"The development process and effects from the management of community gardens in two post-socialist cites: Bratislava and Pozna\u0144","volume":"48","author":"Wilkaniec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126640","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s about community\u201d: Exploring social capital in community gardens across Melbourne, Australia","volume":"49","author":"Kingsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). Atelier d\u2019Architecture Autog\u00e9r\u00e9e. Available online: www.urbantactics.org\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). Ecobox. Available online: www.ryerson.ca\/carrotcity\/board_pages\/community\/ecobox.html."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"15","article-title":"Participatory design method for improvement of urban public spaces\u2014Case study","volume":"21","author":"Vietrova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Archit."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2018, April 23). The Garden Project. Available online: www.gardenproject.org\/about_us."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). Victory Garden. Available online: www.ogrodwcentrum.pl\/ogrod-w-centrum-san-francisco."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2020, June 20). Kentish Town City Farm. Available online: www.ktcityfarm.org.uk\/about-us\/,."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2020, July 16). Hackney City Farm. Available online: https:\/\/hackneycityfarm.co.uk\/."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1057\/s41289-019-00096-4","article-title":"Urban design for food systems","volume":"24","author":"Komisar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1057\/s41289-019-00095-5","article-title":"Grow small, think big: Designing a local food system for London, Ontario","volume":"24","author":"Miedema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, J., and Harris, P. (2005). Urban Agriculture in Havana: Opportunities for the future. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Architectural Press."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). Pol\u00edtica de Agricultura Urbana. Available online: www.uclg-cisdp.org\/es\/observatorio\/pol\u00edtica-de-agricultura-urbana-0."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"McNamara, T. (2016). Crisis of Urban Agriculture, Case Studies in Cuba, Yale University."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Viljoen, A., Howe, J., and Bohn, K. (2005). Cuba: Laboratory for urban agriculture. CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities, Architectural Press."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Clouse, C. (2014). Farming Cuba: Urban Agriculture from the Ground Up, Princeton Architectural Press."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2020, July 16). MUFI. Available online: https:\/\/www.miufi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2018, January 01). Urby Staten Island. Available online: www.domusweb.it\/en\/news\/2016\/07\/25\/urby_staten_island.html."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Amelinckx, A. (2018, January 01). Meet the Woman Who Runs NYC\u2019s First Commercial Farm in a Residential Development. Available online: www.modernfarmer.com\/2016\/09\/empress-green-urby-staten-island\/."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2020, July 16). R-Urban. Available online: http:\/\/r-urban.net\/en\/projects\/agrocite\/."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"28","article-title":"Agromere: Integrating urban agriculture in the development of the city of Almere","volume":"25","author":"Jansma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban Agric. Mag."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127511","article-title":"What motivations drive foreign gardeners to cultivate? Findings from urban gardening initiatives in Lombard municipalities","volume":"72","author":"Cattivelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102771","article-title":"Economic valuation of allotment gardens in peri-urban degraded agroecosystems: The role of citizens\u2019 preferences in spatial planning","volume":"68","author":"Alcon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.02.008","article-title":"Ecosystem services of allotment and community gardens: A Leipzig, Germany case study","volume":"23","author":"Cabral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigell, W. (2015). Allotment and community gardens: Commons in German cities. Spaces in-Between: Cultural and Political Perspectives on Environmental Discourse, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004299368_008"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/095624780501700211","article-title":"Institutional and legal aspects of urban agriculture in French-speaking West Africa: From marginalization to legitimization","volume":"17","author":"Gueye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"85","article-title":"Definicje oraz formy miejskiej agrokultury\u2014Przyczynek do dyskusji","volume":"3","author":"Sroka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wie\u015b Rol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podlasek, A., Koda, E., and Vaverkov\u00e1, M.D. (2021). The Variability of Nitrogen Forms in Soils Due to Traditional and Precision Agriculture: Case Studies in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020465"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105834","article-title":"A cost-benefit analysis of applying urban agriculture in sustainable park design","volume":"112","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2021.10.003","article-title":"Productive urban landscape: Exploring urban agriculture multi-functionality practices to approach genuine quality of life in gated communities in Greater Cairo Region","volume":"13","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbons, L.V. (2020). Regenerative\u2014The New Sustainable?. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135483"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, E., Pedersen Zari, M., Raskin, K., and Clergeau, P. (2021). Urban Ecosystem-Level Biomimicry and Regenerative Design: Linking Ecosystem Functioning and Urban Built Environments. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.26686\/wgtn.14857479.v1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098018779769","article-title":"Cities and the Anthropocene: Urban governance for the new era of regenerative cities","volume":"57","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Stud."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:52Z","timestamp":1760145952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}