{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:28:17Z","timestamp":1772908097027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2017R1C1B5018032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1C1B5018032"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1F1A1076802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1076802"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea","award":["2017R1C1B5018032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1C1B5018032"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1F1A1076802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1076802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Children in the affected area were exposed to large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident. Objectives: We investigated the lung function loss from the exposure to VOCs in a longitudinal panel of 224 children 1, 3, and 5 years after the VOC exposure event. Methods: Atmospheric estimated concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene for 4 days immediately after the accident were calculated for each village (n = 83) using a modeling technique. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) as an indicator of airway status was measured 1, 3, and 5 years after the exposure in 224 children 4~9 years of age at the exposure to the oil spill. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations, with adjustment for smoking and second-hand smoke at home. Results: Among the TVOCs (geometric mean: 1319.5 mg\/m3\u00b74 d), xylene (9.4), toluene (8.5), ethylbenzene (5.2), and benzene (2.0) were dominant in the order of air concentration level. In 224 children, percent predicted FEV1 (ppFEV1), adjusted for smoking and second-hand smoke at home, was 100.7% after 1 year, 96.2% after 3 years, and 94.6% after 5 years, and the loss over the period was significant (p &lt; 0.0001). After 1 and 3 years, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1. After 5 years, the associations were not significant. Throughout the 5 years\u2019 repeated measurements in the panel, TVOCs, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with ppFEV1. Conclusions: Exposure to VOCs from the oil spill resulted in lung function loss among children, which remained significant up to 5 years after the exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"15599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exposure to Crude Oil-Related Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Lung Function Decline in a Longitudinal Panel of Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1250-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Ryeon","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Environment, Kosin University, 194 Wachi-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial & Environmental Planning, Chungnam Institute, 73-26 Yeonsuwon-gil, Gongju-si 32589, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2758-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae-Kwan","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Koo","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung-Sook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hwa","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4085-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Il","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyungho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domyung","family":"Paek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(07)60141-4","article-title":"Health effects of exposure to oil spills","volume":"43","author":"Zock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. 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