{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:38:10Z","timestamp":1784943490530,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010433","name":"National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0.012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010433","name":"National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1173896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0.012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1173896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With increasing demands for health, disability and education services, innovative approaches can help distribute limited resources according to need. Despite an increased focus on support needs within the clinical pathway and policy landscape, the body of research knowledge on this topic is at a relatively early stage. However, there appears to be a sense of unmet support needs and dissatisfaction with the provision of required support following an autism diagnosis amongst caregivers of young people on the spectrum. The primary aim of this study was to explore the perceived support needs of Australian school-aged young people on the spectrum and their caregiver(s). This was achieved using a phenomenographic Support Needs Interview conducted by occupational therapists during home-visits with caregivers of 68 young people on the spectrum (5\u201317 years). Qualitative data analysis resulted in two hierarchical outcome spaces, one each for young people and their caregivers, indicating interacting levels of support need areas that could be addressed through a combination of suggested supports. These support needs and suggested supports align with almost all chapters within the Body Functions, Activities and Participation and Environmental Factors domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The overall goals of meeting these complex and interacting support needs were for the young people to optimize their functioning to reach their potential and for caregivers to ensure the sustainability of their caregiving capacity. A series of recommendations for support services, researchers and policy makers have been made to position support needs as central during the assessment, support and evaluation phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1669266548000},"page":"15605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Perceived Support Needs of School-Aged Young People on the Autism Spectrum and Their Caregivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiah","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. O.","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7978-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"D\u2019Arcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1876-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Hayden-Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9755-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kuzminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonya","family":"Girdler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3213-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Milbourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"B\u00f6lte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Autism CRC, Long Pocket, Brisbane 4068, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Autism Research Group and School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solmi, M., Song, M., Yon, D., Lee, S., Fombonne, E., Kim, M., Park, S., Lee, M., Hwang, J., and Keller, R. (2022). Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Mol. Psychiatry, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01630-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.09","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5719","article-title":"Setting priorities for rural allied health in Australia: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Worley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04014-z","article-title":"The economic costs of autism spectrum disorder: A literature review","volume":"49","author":"Rogge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2016.tb00363.x","article-title":"\u2018Reasonable and necessary\u2019 care: The challenge of operationalising the NDIS policy principle in allocating disability care in Australia","volume":"51","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520954344","article-title":"Is independence enough? Rehabilitation should include autonomy and social engagement to achieve quality of life","volume":"35","author":"McClure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United Nations (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318755522","article-title":"The gestalt of functioning in autism spectrum disorder: Results of the international conference to develop final consensus International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health core sets","volume":"23","author":"Mahdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Australian Government (2013). National Disability Insurance Scheme Act, Australian Government."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Legislation (2014). Care Act, UK Legislation.","DOI":"10.22233\/20412495.0814.4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8500.12063","article-title":"Analysing choice in Australian individual funding disability policies","volume":"73","author":"Purcal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo, M., Aguayo, V., Arias, V., and Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez, L. (2020). A systematic review of the assessment of support needs in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249494"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2512-8","article-title":"The new DSM-5 impairment criterion: A challenge to early autism spectrum disorder diagnosis?","volume":"45","author":"Zander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-120.5.375","article-title":"Does a measure of support needs predict funding need better than a measure of adaptive and maladaptive behavior?","volume":"120","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Whitehouse, A., Evans, K., Eapen, V., and Wray, J. (2018). A National Guideline for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Australia, Autism CRC."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2022, September 08). Oxford University Press Oxford English Dictionary. Available online: https:\/\/www.oed.com\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-47.2.135","article-title":"Conceptualizing supports and the support needs of people with intellectual disability","volume":"47","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Heaney, C., and Israel, B. (2008). Social networks and social support In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, Jossey-Bass. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12055","article-title":"I-CAN: The classification and prediction of support needs","volume":"27","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NDIS (2020). Independent Assessment: Selection of Assessment Tools, National Disability Insurance Agency."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2318-0","article-title":"Support needs of fathers and mothers of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"45","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1786","article-title":"Priority service needs and receipt across the lifespan for individuals with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.01.005","article-title":"Predictors of unmet needs and family debt among children and adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from Ireland","volume":"124","author":"Roddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.02.004","article-title":"Obtaining an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and supports: New Zealand parents\u2019 experiences","volume":"62","author":"Eggleston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315573636","article-title":"Experiences of autism diagnosis: A survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom","volume":"20","author":"Crane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9557","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9557","article-title":"Differences in the support needs of children with developmental disabilities among groups of medical and behavioral needs","volume":"8","author":"Arias","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"van der Meer, L., and Evans, K. (2020). The autism diagnostic process in New Zealand: A call for action from caregivers. The Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Process in New Zealand, Autism CRC."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombet, C., Alcaraz, C., de la Tribonni\u00e8re, X., Morsa, M., Rattaz, C., and Baghdadli, A. (2022). Self-reported needs of caregivers of people with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05499-x"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316687989","article-title":"\u2018The dots just don\u2019t join up\u2019: Understanding the support needs of families of children on the autism spectrum","volume":"22","author":"Galpin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211016112","article-title":"A qualitative study of autism services and supports in Singapore: Perspectives of service providers, autistic adults and caregivers","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-020-00210-1","article-title":"Perceptions, experiences, and needs of parents of culturally and linguistically diverse children with autism: A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Papoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2020.1833844","article-title":"Theoretical foundations of phenomenography: A critical review","volume":"40","author":"Hajar","year":"2021","journal-title":"High. Educ. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02375.x","article-title":"Applying phenomenography in nursing research","volume":"40","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EuroQol Research Foundation (2019). EQ-5D-5L User Guide (Version 3), EuroQol Research Foundation."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"The International Wellbeing Group (2013). Personal Wellbeing Index\u2014Adult (English) Manual, Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02688-y","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1255-4","article-title":"Brief report: The Autism Mental Status Examination: Development of a brief autism-focused exam","volume":"42","author":"Grodberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04012-1","article-title":"Autism Mental Status Examination (AMSE): A valid instrument in the evaluation of pre-school children with suspected autism spectrum disorders?","volume":"49","author":"Cederlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., and Saulnier, C. (2016). Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, Pearson Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211036809","article-title":"Content validation of common measures of functioning for young children against the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and Code and Core Sets relevant to neurodevelopmental conditions","volume":"26","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayden-Evans, M., Milbourn, B., D\u2019Arcy, E., Chamberlain, A., Afsharnejad, B., Evans, K., Whitehouse, A., B\u00f6lte, S., and Girdler, S. (2022). An evaluation of the overall utility of measures of functioning suitable for school-aged children on the autism spectrum: A scoping review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114114"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022, September 30). Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5\u2014Remoteness Structure, [1270.0.55.005], Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/1270.0.55.005Main+Features1July%202016?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022, September 30). Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, [2033.0.55.001], Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/by%20Subject\/2033.0.55.001~2016~Main%20Features~IRSAD~20."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, 2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"QSR International (NVivo, 2020). NVivo, Version 12."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.45.3.214","article-title":"Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness","volume":"45","author":"Krefting","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0537-0","article-title":"Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D\u20135L: South Australian population norms","volume":"14","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Australian Unity (2021). Australian Unity Wellbeing Index: Commemorative Report, Deakin University."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12559","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood","volume":"133","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04763-2","article-title":"A meta-analysis of outcome studies of autistic adults: Quantifying effect size, quality, and meta-regression","volume":"51","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Arcy, E., Burnett, T., Capstick, E., Elder, C., Slee, O., Girdler, S., Scott, M., and Milbourn, B. (J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2022). The well-being and support needs of Australian caregivers of neurodiverse children, J. Autism Dev. Disord., under review.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-05910-1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05164-9","article-title":"Interventions to improve outcomes for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2994-z","article-title":"Training parents of youth with autism spectrum disorder to advocate for adult disability services: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/11038128.2019.1695933","article-title":"Proof of concept: The TRANSITION program for young adults with autism spectrum disorder and\/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"28","author":"Jonsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association (2020). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (3rd ed.). Am. J. Occup. Ther., 74, 7412410010p1\u20137412410010p87.","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2020.74S2001"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"21","article-title":"A scoping review of \u2018think-family\u2019approaches in healthcare settings","volume":"42","author":"Woodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Chamberlain, A., D\u2019Arcy, E., Whitehouse, A., Wallace, K., Hayden-Evans, M., Girdler, S., Milbourn, B., B\u00f6lte, S., and Evans, K. (J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2022). Reliability, validity and acceptability of the PEDI-CAT with ASD scales for Australian children and youth on the autism spectrum, J. Autism Dev. Disord., under review."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Arcy, E., Evans, K., Afsharnejad, B., Milbourn, B., Whitehouse, A., B\u00f6lte, S., and Girdler, S. (2022). Australian clinicians when choosing an assessment of functioning tool for children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Adv. Neurodev. Disord.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-022-00292-4"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Portney, L., and Watkins, M. (2015). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice, F.A. Davis Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Whitehouse, A., Varcin, K., Waddington, H., Sulek, R., Bent, C., Ashburner, J., Eapen, V., Goodall, E., Hudry, K., and Roberts, J. (2021). Interventions for Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Synthesis of Research Evidence, Autism CRC."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1630.2010.00861.x","article-title":"The effect of education with workplace supports on practitioners\u2019 evidence-based practice knowledge and implementation behaviours","volume":"57","author":"Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Occup. Ther. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740006700105","article-title":"Validity and community utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure","volume":"67","author":"McColl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00550.x","article-title":"Goal attainment scaling in paediatric rehabilitation: A critical review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Steenbeek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8578.12241","article-title":"A realist evaluation of peer mentoring support for university students with autism","volume":"45","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, C., Reid, S., Elliott, C., Rosenberg, M., Nyquist, A., Jahnsen, R., and Girdler, S. (2018). A realist evaluation of a physical activity participation intervention for children and youth with disabilities: What works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how?. BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1089-8"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01814-6","article-title":"KONTAKT\u00ae social skills group training for Australian adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Afsharnejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.06.011","article-title":"AHRQ Series on complex intervention systematic reviews\u2014Paper 1: An introduction to a series of articles that provide guidance and tools for reviews of complex interventions","volume":"90","author":"Tugwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-021-00227-z","article-title":"Inclusive practices for neurodevelopmental research","volume":"8","author":"Brook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-019-0501-7","article-title":"Exploring the frontiers of research co-production: The Integrated Knowledge Translation Research Network concept papers","volume":"17","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Arcy, E., Evans, K., Afsharnejad, B., Milbourn, B., B\u00f6lte, S., and Girdler, S. (2022). Assessing functioning for individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions: Current clinical practice in Australia. Aust. Occup. Ther. J., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12834"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khetani, M., Coster, W., Law, M., and Bedell, G. (2013). Young Children\u2019s Partcipation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM): User Guide, CanChild, McMaster University.","DOI":"10.1037\/t66239-000"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Coster, W., Law, M., and Bedell, G. (2010). Partcipation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY): Form & User\u2019s Guide, CanChild, McMaster University."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"McGrath, R. (2019). The VIA Assessment Suite for Adults: Development and Initial Evaluation\u2014Technical Report, VIA Institute on Character."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Beach Center on Disability (2015). Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale: Psychometric Characteristics and Scoring Key, University of Kansas."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Haley, S., Coster, W., Dumas, H., Fragala-Pinkham, M., Moed, R., Kramer, J., Ni, P., Feng, T., Kao, Y., and Ludlow, L. (2019). Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory: Development, Standardization and Administration Manual (Version 1.4.3), Boston University."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:54Z","timestamp":1760145954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}