{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T20:53:30Z","timestamp":1788209610699,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients were assessed. A systematic scoping review of observational studies and trials was established in conjunction with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. The SCOPUS, PubMed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were reviewed along with the gray literature. The primary electronic examination produced 139 investigations. Finally, four observational studies met the selection criteria. These studies evaluated 214 implants in 168 patients. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum mainly presented high resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole, and erythromycin in PI patients. Similarly, Aggregatibacter\u00a0actinomycetemcomitans was also highly resistant to clindamycin and doxycycline. Other microorganisms such as Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra, and Prevotella intermedia\/nigrescens also presented significant levels of resistance to other antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin. However, most microorganisms did not show resistance to the combination amoxicillin metronidazole. Although the management of adjunctive antimicrobials in the therapy of PI is controversial, in this review, the resistance of relevant microorganisms to antibiotics used to treat PI, and usually prescribed in dentistry, was observed. Clinicians should consider the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in the treatment of PI patients and its public health consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T05:35:08Z","timestamp":1669268108000},"page":"15609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance in Patients with Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Ardila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Studies Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie Marcela","family":"Vivares-Builes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Medell\u00edn 050031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12954","article-title":"Peri-implantitis","volume":"45","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515608832","article-title":"Effectiveness of implant therapy analyzed in a Swedish population: Prevalence of peri-implantitis","volume":"95","author":"Derks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12013","article-title":"Differences in peri-implant conditions between fully and partially edentulous subjects: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Meijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1992.030102.x","article-title":"Experimental Breakdown of Peri-Implant and Periodontal Tissues. A Study in the Beagle Dog","volume":"3","author":"Lindhe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516667484","article-title":"Prevalence and Mechanisms of Peri-Implant Diseases","volume":"96","author":"Salvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13464","article-title":"Systemic Antibiotic Therapy as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Peri-Implantitis Treatment: A Single-Blind RCT","volume":"48","author":"Vangsted","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513504950","article-title":"Patient-Specific Analysis of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Microbiomes","volume":"92","author":"Dabdoub","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02258.x","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Peri-Implantitis Cases: A Retrospective Multicentre Study","volume":"23","author":"Charalampakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12052","article-title":"Cluster of Bacteria Associated with Peri-Implantitis","volume":"16","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520949851","article-title":"Microbial Community-Driven Etiopathogenesis of Peri-Implantitis","volume":"100","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01276.x","article-title":"Non-Surgical Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A Literature Review","volume":"35","author":"Renvert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12535","article-title":"Peri-Implantitis-Onset and Pattern of Progression","volume":"43","author":"Derks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Treatment of peri-implantitis: What interventions are effective? A Cochrane systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Esposito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2011.00384.x","article-title":"Network meta-analysis for evaluating interventions in implant dentistry: The case of peri-implantitis treatment","volume":"15","author":"Faggion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02554.x","article-title":"Surgical therapy for the control of peri-implantitis","volume":"23","author":"Renvert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.2014suppl.g5.3","article-title":"The therapy of peri-implantitis: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Mombelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passarelli, P.C., Netti, A., Lopez, M.A., Giaquinto, E.F., De Rosa, G., Aureli, G., Bodnarenko, A., Papi, P., Starzy\u0144ska, A., and Pompa, G. (2021). Local\/Topical Antibiotics for Peri-Implantitis Treatment: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111298"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledano-Osorio, M., Vallecillo, C., Toledano, R., Aguilera, F.S., Osorio, M.T., Mu\u00f1oz-Soto, E., Garc\u00eda-Godoy, F., and Vallecillo-Rivas, M. (2022). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Systemic Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116502"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roca-Millan, E., Estrugo-Devesa, A., Merlos, A., Jan\u00e9-Salas, E., Vinuesa, T., and L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, J. (2021). Systemic Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Reduce Early Implant Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060698"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12741","article-title":"Shift in antibiotic prescription at a University Dental Clinic in Norway 2013\u20132017","volume":"128","author":"Bolstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Peri-implantitis prevalence and treatment in implant-oriented private practices: A cross-sectional postal and Internet survey","volume":"122","author":"Schmidlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schweiz. Monatsschr. Zahnmed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000431","article-title":"Local versus systemic antibiotics effectiveness: A comparative study of postoperative oral disability in lower third molar surgery","volume":"25","author":"Busa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12201","article-title":"Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: How many options for one disease?","volume":"75","author":"Graziani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8en, M., Leknes, K.N., Lund, B., and Bun\u00e6s, D.F. (2021). The efficacy of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to surgical treatment of peri-implantitis: A systematic review. BMC. Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-02020-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130379","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Re: The clinical effect of scaling and root planing and the concomitant administration of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole: A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Preus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1996.8.5.331","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of periodontal diseases disturbs the human ecology: A review","volume":"8","author":"Edlund","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13290","article-title":"EFP Workshop Participants and Methodological Consultants. Treatment of stage I-III periodontitis-The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline","volume":"47","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Di Spirito, F., De Caro, F., Lanza, A., Passarella, D., and Sbordone, L. (2022). Adherence to Antibiotic Prescription of Dental Patients: The Other Side of the Antimicrobial Resistance. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091636"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"320","article-title":"Antibiotics in orthognathic surgery and postoperative infections","volume":"22","author":"Chisci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardila, C.M., and Bedoya-Garc\u00eda, J.A. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance in dentistry. Oral Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14316"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x","article-title":"Reviewing studies with diverse designs: The development and evaluation of a new tool","volume":"18","author":"Sirriyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12160","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in human peri-implantitis microbiota","volume":"25","author":"Rams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-11-00023","article-title":"Microbiological aspects of human mandibular subperiosteal dental implants","volume":"39","author":"Rams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2012.120422","article-title":"Multiple resistance to betalactam antibiotics, azithromycin or moxifloxacin in implant associated bacteria","volume":"59","author":"Karbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.1.69","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of periodontopathic bacteria associated with failing implants","volume":"66","author":"Sbordone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(1985). Reference Agar Dilution Procedures for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of An-Aerobic Bacteria (Standard No. Approved Standard M 11-A)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardila, C.M., Bedoya-Garc\u00eda, J.A., and Arrubla-Escobar, D.E. (2022). Antibiotic resistance in periodontitis patients: A systematic scoping review of randomized clinical trials. Oral Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14288"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00493.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profile of the subgingival microbiota following systemic or local tetracycline therapy","volume":"31","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290809.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species during and after antibiotic therapy","volume":"29","author":"Feres","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardila, C.M., Bedoya-Garc\u00eda, J.A., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Arroyave, D. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance in patients with endodontic infections: A systematic scoping review of observational studies. Aust. Endod. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12680"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.05.015","article-title":"Analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from endodontic infections in Brazil during a period of nine years","volume":"37","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.02.024","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia in periodontitis patients","volume":"22","author":"Ardila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14422-w","article-title":"Abundance and diversity of resistomes differ between healthy human oral cavities and gut","volume":"11","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0016221","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00162-21","article-title":"Dental Plaque Microbial Resistomes of Periodontal Health and Disease and Their Changes after Scaling and Root Planing Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44822-y","article-title":"Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Verspecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1308\/205016814813877388","article-title":"Prescribing in primary dental care: General principles","volume":"3","author":"Crighton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13468","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility trends of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of German periodontitis patients: A retrospective surveillance study","volume":"48","author":"Jepsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02276.x","article-title":"Anti-infective surgical therapy of peri-implantitis. A 12-month prospective clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Salvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000329676","article-title":"Antimicrobial advances in treating periodontal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Mombelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2006.07.003","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility testing versus in vivo effectiveness","volume":"90","author":"Stratton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"557","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species in chronic periodontitis patients","volume":"45","author":"Ardila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334269","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4334269","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of Adjunctive Systemic Quinolones to Mechanical Therapy in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"2022","author":"Ardila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e834","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.59830","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in patients with odontogenic infections: A systematic scoping review of prospective and experimental studies","volume":"14","author":"Ardila","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15609\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:56Z","timestamp":1760145956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315609","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}