{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:57:42Z","timestamp":1792083462826,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005236","name":"Chinese Universities Scientific Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022QN015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QN015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD), but the findings of the available studies were conflicting. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in AD patients. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases from the inception of indexing until 12 November 2021. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. From 1942 search records initially identified, 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Included studies involved 503 participants in 16 exercise groups (mean age: 69.2\u201384 years) and 406 participants (mean age: 68.9\u201384 years) in 15 control groups. There was a significant effect of aerobic exercise on increasing mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in AD patients [weighted mean difference (WMD), 1.50 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.45), p = 0.002]. Subgroup analyses showed that interventions conducted 30 min per session [WMD, 2.52 (95% CI, 0.84 to 4.20), p = 0.003], less than 150 min per week [WMD, 2.10 (95% CI, 0.84 to 3.37), p = 0.001], and up to three times per week [WMD, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 2.89), p = 0.007] increased MMSE score significantly. In addition, a worse basal cognitive status was associated with greater improvement in MMSE score. Our analysis indicated that aerobic exercise, especially conducted 30 min per session, less than 150 min per week, and up to three times per week, contributed to improving cognitive function in AD patients. Additionally, a worse basal cognitive status contributed to more significant improvements in cognitive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:58:50Z","timestamp":1669784330000},"page":"15700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in People with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-5095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laikang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health, 7, e105\u2013e125."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2021). 2021 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement., 17, 327\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12328"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.015","article-title":"Mixed neuropathologies and estimated rates of clinical progression in a large autopsy sample","volume":"13","author":"Brenowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.2\/cqiu","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialog-Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033118","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033118","article-title":"Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Erkkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31819fe7d1","article-title":"Lethality of Alzheimer Disease and Its Impact on Nursing Home Placement","volume":"24","author":"Arrighi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2008.00342.x","article-title":"Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: A review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Etters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.150","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010","volume":"13","author":"Wimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7704-8_1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Dementia: The Burden on Society, the Challenges for Research","volume":"1750","author":"Wolters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R.-X., Liang, J.-H., Xu, Y., and Wang, Y.-Q. (2019). Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1175-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00130.x","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70136-X","article-title":"Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An analysis of population-based data","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0070-3","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2589276","article-title":"Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Berumen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180766","article-title":"Treatment Combinations for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current and Future Pharmacotherapy Options","volume":"67","author":"Cummings","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622312452387","article-title":"Management of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pharmacological treatment and quality of life","volume":"3","author":"Mossello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F.-T., Etnier, J.L., Wu, C.-H., Cho, Y.-M., Hung, T.-M., and Chang, Y.-K. (2018). Dose-Response Relationship between Exercise Duration and Executive Function in Older Adults. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090279"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx167","article-title":"Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia","volume":"58","author":"Scales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12188","article-title":"Toward a theory-based specification of non-pharmacological treatments in aging and dementia: Focused reviews and methodological recommendations","volume":"17","author":"Sikkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317511418956","article-title":"Six-Month Walking Program Changes Cognitive and ADL Performance in Patients With Alzheimer","volume":"26","author":"Venturelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dementiasr"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d14633","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise and Neurocognitive Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"72","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095699","article-title":"Aerobic exercise ameliorates cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"136","article-title":"Extended Practice and Aerobic Exercise Interventions Benefit Untrained Cognitive Outcomes in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Bs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2245","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009478","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves cognition and cerebrovascular regulation in older adults","volume":"94","author":"Guadagni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003332","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and vascular cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333721419896884","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721419896884","article-title":"Effects of Combined Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Training on Verbal Fluency in Older Adults","volume":"6","author":"Nocera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666151111123319","article-title":"The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.\u2014Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000272435","article-title":"Effects of a Physical Training Programme on Cognitive Function and Walking Efficiency in Elderly Persons with Dementia","volume":"29","author":"Kemoun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12403","article-title":"Physical Exercise and Brain Mitochondrial Fitness: The Possible Role Against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Bernardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P., and Green, S. (2008). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2021.06.016","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"74","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70043-1","article-title":"The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: A demographic study","volume":"55","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro Scale for Rating Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","article-title":"Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale","volume":"66","author":"Cashin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803102","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.803102","article-title":"Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1259","article-title":"The effect of resistance training on cognitive function in the older adults: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200204000-00005","article-title":"The Effects of a Walking\/Talking Program on Communication, Ambulation, and Functional Status in Residents with Alzheimer Disease","volume":"16","author":"Cott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0234-1","article-title":"Effect of 9 weeks continuous vs. interval aerobic training on plasma BDNF levels, aerobic fitness, cognitive capacity and quality of life among seniors with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Enette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holthoff, V.A., Marschner, K., Scharf, M., Steding, J., Meyer, S., Koch, R., and Donix, M. (2015). Effects of Physical Activity Training in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: Results of a Pilot RCT Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121478"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160392","article-title":"Effectiveness of Exercise- and Cognitive-Based Treatments on Salivary Cortisol Levels and Sundowning Syndrome Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"53","author":"Venturelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130231","article-title":"Treadmill training as an augmentation treatment for Alzheimer?s disease: A pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"72","author":"Arcoverde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. De Neuro-Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150817","article-title":"Moderate-to-High Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"50","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000446508","article-title":"Physical Exercise with Multicomponent Cognitive Intervention for Older Adults with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. Extra"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, J.K., Vidoni, E.D., Johnson, D.K., Van Sciver, A., Mahnken, J.D., Honea, R.A., Wilkins, H.M., Brooks, W.M., Billinger, S.A., and Swerdlow, R.H. (2017). Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170547"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180253","article-title":"Change in Fitness and the Relation to Change in Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms After Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Mild Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"65","author":"Sobol","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E129","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000172","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Sustains Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease","volume":"42","author":"Vidoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.05.007","article-title":"Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201100","article-title":"Cognitive Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"80","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.20141323T2","article-title":"Exercise programs for people with dementia","volume":"132","author":"Cendoroglo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2006.00127.x","article-title":"Improving cognition and function through exercise intervention in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sch."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2014.009035","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Effects of Exercise on Activities of Daily Living in People With Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"68","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00075","article-title":"Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging","volume":"5","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8680","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1731-05.2005","article-title":"Exercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice","volume":"25","author":"Shubert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23292","article-title":"Exercise interventions preserve hippocampal volume: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Wilckens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2008.04.002","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cerebrovascular dysfunction and the benefits of exercise: From vessels to neurons","volume":"43","author":"Kojda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140212","article-title":"The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"95","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"64","article-title":"Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health","volume":"17","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131073","article-title":"Acute Aerobic Exercise Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Elderly with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"39","author":"Coelho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly173","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Neurotrophic Biomarkers on Cognitively Impaired Individuals Diagnosed With Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Stigger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02896.2000","article-title":"Peripheral Infusion of IGF-I Selectively Induces Neurogenesis in the Adult Rat Hippocampus","volume":"20","author":"Aberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homolak, J., Mudrov\u010di\u0107, M., Vuki\u0107, B., and Toljan, K. (2018). Circadian Rhythm and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6030052"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.01.010","article-title":"Executive functions improvement following a 5-month aquaerobics program in older adults: Role of cardiac vagal control in inhibition performance","volume":"115","author":"Albinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1393-y","article-title":"Increased heart rate variability and executive performance after aerobic training in the elderly","volume":"109","author":"Albinet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684089","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.684089","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability During Physical Exercise Is Associated With Improved Cognitive Performance in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia Patients\u2014A Longitudinal Feasibility Study","volume":"3","author":"Schwarck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1665-8","article-title":"International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines","volume":"25","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616aa2","article-title":"Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Hearth Association","volume":"39","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1597460","article-title":"Chronic exercise and cognitive function: An update of current findings","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-021-00272-y","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: A systematic and meta-analytic review","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.11.005","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"25","author":"Groot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men","volume":"63","author":"Tijhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"FINE Study"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnp075","article-title":"The Prescribed Amount of Physical Activity in Randomized Clinical Trials in Older Adults","volume":"49","author":"Kruger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15241","article-title":"Can Exercise Improve Cognitive Symptoms of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?","volume":"66","author":"Panza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.449","article-title":"A Method for Estimating Progression Rates in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"58","author":"Doody","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15700\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:51Z","timestamp":1760146011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/15700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192315700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315700","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}