{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:43:04Z","timestamp":1776861784978,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Banca del Monte di Lombardia and the Rotary Club of Lecco"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of the intensity and directionality of antenatal maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms on infant negative affectivity and crying, also taking into account potential confounders. The role of socioeconomic status (SES) as a possible moderating factor of the association between antenatal maternal distress and infant negative outcomes was also explored. More than one hundred women filled in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, during the third trimester of pregnancy and three months after delivery. Mothers also filled in the Infant Behavior Questionnaire and a parental diary to evaluate negative affectivity and crying, respectively, when their infants were 3 months old. SES was assessed through the Hollingshead classification. The intensity of antenatal maternal symptoms and SES were associated with infant negative affectivity, but not with crying. However, SES moderated the association between the intensity of maternal symptoms and infant crying. The direction of maternal symptoms (anxiety versus depression) was not associated with both infant negative affectivity and crying. Our findings contribute to elucidating the role played by the intensity of maternal stress in pregnancy\u2014alone and in interaction with SES\u2014in determining individual differences in infant emotional regulation, thus emphasizing the importance of timely psychological interventions for pregnant women who experience psychological distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:58:50Z","timestamp":1669784330000},"page":"15761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intensity of Maternal Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Pregnancy Is Associated with Infant Emotional Regulation Problems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0164-6","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a private setting sample","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.08.004","article-title":"The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample","volume":"80","author":"Heron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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