{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:56:11Z","timestamp":1768013771008,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies","award":["W2210000114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2210000114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have investigated personal exposure concentrations of not only some volatile organic compounds but also more types of chemicals including acidic gases and acrolein. We measured the personal exposure concentrations of 35 chemicals including these chemicals in indoor and outdoor air in Chiba-shi, Japan, for 7 days in summer and winter to assess the associated health risks in 22 people. The personal exposure concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were higher in winter than in summer, and those of formaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, and tetradecane were higher in summer than in winter. The personal exposure concentrations were mostly equal to or lower than the concentrations in indoor air, contrary to the results of a lot of previous studies. The high-risk chemicals based on personal exposure concentrations were identified as acrolein (max. 0.43 \u03bcg\/m3), benzene (max. 3.1 \u03bcg\/m3), and hexane (max. 220 \u03bcg\/m3) in summer, and acrolein (max. 0.31 \u03bcg\/m3), nitrogen dioxide (max. 320 \u03bcg\/m3), benzene (max. 5.2 \u03bcg\/m3), formic acid (max. 70 \u03bcg\/m3), and hexane (max. 290 \u03bcg\/m3) in winter. In addition, we estimated personal exposure concentrations according to the time spent at home and the chemical concentrations in indoor and outdoor air. We found that the estimated concentrations of some participants largely differed from the measured ones indicating that it is difficult to estimate personal exposure concentrations based on only these data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:01:33Z","timestamp":1669608093000},"page":"15813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Health Risk Assessment Based on Exposure to Chemicals in Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hironari","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehisa","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Kunugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9505-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironao","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoji","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1021\/es00150a003","article-title":"Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide: Relationship to indoor\/outdoor air quality and activity patterns","volume":"20","author":"Quackenboss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. 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