{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:00:47Z","timestamp":1780534847507,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LVA-MIP-CCB-UFSC","award":["201917940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201917940"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["201917940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201917940"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-DS","award":["201917940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201917940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Certain members of the Coronaviridae family have emerged as zoonotic agents and have recently caused severe respiratory diseases in humans and animals, such as SARS, MERS, and, more recently, COVID-19. Antivirals (drugs and antiseptics) capable of controlling viruses at the site of infection are scarce. Microalgae from the Chlorellaceae family are sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor activity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate various extracts from Planktochlorella nurekis in vitro against murine coronavirus-3 (MHV-3), which is an essential human coronavirus surrogate for laboratory assays. Methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of P. nurekis were tested in cells infected with MHV-3, and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the application of chemometrics through principal component analysis (PCA). All the extracts were highly efficient against MHV-3 (more than a 6 Log unit reduction), regardless of the solvent used or the concentration of the extract, but the dichloromethane extract was the most effective. Chemical characterization by spectrophotometry and NMR, with the aid of statistical analysis, showed that polyphenols, carbohydrates, and isoprene derivatives, such as terpenes and carotenoids have a more significant impact on the virucidal potential. Compounds identified by UPLC-MS were mainly lipids and only found in the dichloromethane extract. These results open new biotechnological possibilities to explore the biomass of P. nurekis; it is a natural extract and shows low cytotoxicity and an excellent antiviral effect, with low production costs, highlighting a promising potential for development and implementation of therapies against coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"15823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of Planktochlorella nurekis Extracts and Virucidal Activity against a Coronavirus Model, the Murine Coronavirus 3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Graff Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Dai Pr\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0713-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Michelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanit\u00e1ria e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Conc\u00f3rdia, Conc\u00f3rdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1654-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Viancelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanit\u00e1ria e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Conc\u00f3rdia, Conc\u00f3rdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1029-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Guillermo","family":"Piedrahita Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88034-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88034-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Maraschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88034-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidnei","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBIOP\u2014Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Tha\u00eds Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 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