{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:03:17Z","timestamp":1790888597373,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: A clinical laboratory index to assess gut dysbiosis is the F\/B ratio &lt; 0.8. In fact, an elevated proportion of Firmicutes and a reduced population of Bacteroides in diabetes type 2 (T2D) subjects has been observed. This study aimed to detail the dysbiosis status in the Italian population, focusing on some pathogenic spectra (T2D) or metabolic disorders. (2) Material and methods: A quantity of 334 fecal samples was analyzed in order to perform genetic testing and sequencing. (3) Results: A trend in over imbalance was observed in the percentage of Proteobacteria (median value: 6.75%; interquartile range (IQR): 3.57\u201317.29%). A statistically significant association (\u03c72p = 0.033) was observed between type of dysbiosis and T2D, corresponding to an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.86. It was noted that females with cystitis\/candidiasis are significantly prevalent in T2D patients (p &lt; 0.01; OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 1.43\u20138.99). Although, in non-diabetic males, a sugar craving is significantly associated with the rate of dysbiosis in non-diabetic males (p &lt; 0.05; OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.00\u20131.16). (4) Conclusion: In T2D patients, the Bacteroidetes\/Firmicutes ratio was biased in favor of Proteobacteria, to be expected due to the nutritional habits of the patients. Thus, T2D females had altered gut permeability favoring the development of infections in the vaginal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T02:21:57Z","timestamp":1669774917000},"page":"15913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Characterization of Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Polidori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifebrain srl Cerba Healthcare, Guidonia Montecelio, 190\/A Viale Roma, 00012 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Marullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifebrain Nocera Cerba Healthcare, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Ialongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Tomassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifebrain srl Cerba Healthcare, Guidonia Montecelio, 190\/A Viale Roma, 00012 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"di Gaudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Calugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifebrain srl Cerba Healthcare, Guidonia Montecelio, 190\/A Viale Roma, 00012 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-2086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Marrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Noce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Broccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerba HealthCare Italia, 20137 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20854 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3463-0268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Pieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1057-6","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes: Just a Coincidence?","volume":"18","author":"Sircana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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