{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:38:59Z","timestamp":1781282339027,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 55-year-old male patient with a known medical history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and treated lymphoma was first admitted with a sudden left-sided facial asymmetry and mouth deviation to the left side with no other neurological symptoms. A Computerized Tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed acute infarct and small left basal ganglia old lacunar infarction. He was discharged on a dual antiplatelet. One week later, the patient\u2019s condition had worsened and, therefore, was admitted with an impression of ischemic stroke. A bedside swallowing assessment, VFSS, and FEES study were conducted to diagnose this case. The bedside assessment did not reveal any sensory or motor deficits in his oral cavity and the FEES examination was also unable to rule out pharyngeal dysphagia. However, a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) revealed a significant dysfunction of oral preparation and oral phases and presented difficulty initiating the pharyngeal phase. Given these features, we believe that this swallowing difficulty is caused by swallowing apraxia. This case provides additional information and understanding on management from the swallowing side.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T02:18:48Z","timestamp":1670379528000},"page":"16329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Swallowing Apraxia Post Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7895-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Mohammed","family":"Alfaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atheer Saeed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas Saad","family":"Almowalad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Neuroscience Division, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awad Aweid","family":"Al Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Neuroscience Division, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled Abdulraheem","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jameelah","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Neuroscience Division, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 47330, Riyadh 11552, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1853-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisreen Naser","family":"Al Awaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Communication Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000016094","article-title":"Swallowing Disorders following Acute Stroke: Prevalence and Diagnostic Accuracy","volume":"10","author":"Mann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-9879-6","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of swallowing dysfunction and apraxia of speech in acute stroke","volume":"33","author":"Trupe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200003000-00010","article-title":"Dysphagia in patients with brainstem stroke: Incidence and outcome","volume":"79","author":"Meng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothi, L.J.G., and Heilman, K.M.A. (2014). The neuropsychology of action. Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315804545"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010019","article-title":"Swallowing Apraxia: A Disorder of the Praxis System?","volume":"15","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02406275","article-title":"Swallowing after unilateral stroke of the cerebral cortex: Preliminary experience","volume":"3","author":"Robbins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17056","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017056","article-title":"Swallowing apraxia in a patient with recurrent ischemic strokes: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13100","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13100","article-title":"The anatomy and physiology of normal and abnormal swallowing in oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"29","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009592","article-title":"Lingual Discoordination and Dysphagia following Acute Stroke: Analyses of Lesion Localization","volume":"14","author":"Daniels","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, E.A., and Square, P. (1985). Common considerations in the study of limb, oral, and verbal apraxia. Neuropsychological Studies of Apraxia and Related Disorders, Roy, E.A., Ed., North Holland.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)61139-5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2017.1322250","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on swallowing apraxia and cortical excitability in stroke patients","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027906","article-title":"Application of transcranial direct current stimulation in cricopharyngeal dysfunction with swallowing apraxia caused by stroke: A case report","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/16329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:50Z","timestamp":1760146490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/23\/16329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192316329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192316329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]}}}